143 10 1599 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a553b0559d17160003bba37a7d597c4b.jpg e4939f76bd2c3a1a372f5e82393a2667 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource See – 356-358 Hymns 206 see 75 269 271 Sunday June 18, 1944 Text: 1 Tim 6:12 Fight the good [?] of faiths The Christian Soldier – There are many valuable lessons to be learned from wars and conflicts. With all of their horrors and suffering and attendant evils there is no other human experience that affords a great opportunity to learn God’s way in disciplining His people so that they might win a victorious life. There is a similarity between the human warfare and the spiritual warfare. So as we note the varying details necessary to the waging of a war, organizing troops and preparing them for battle. As we notice the soldier his weapons his loyalty to his country https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/d89464c9079a5b3d57e7ae42d7ef6183.jpg 68cdeaf8999f667d5e6deaf5d886c9b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource his spirit of sacrificing even his life for a cause. We can see also the reason why so many scriptures[?] passages refer to the spiritual life as a war, and Christians as soldiers. Then as Christian soldiers we are to learn that we too – like the soldiers – saints in all these glorious wars must conquer tho[?] we die.” Be always on Guard. I One of the first lessons we must learn is: the type of enemy we are to face. Our men are facing this tricky and fanatical[?] Japanese in the Pacific. We failed when they first attacked us because we were not on our guard. The result was we lost nearly our whole mid Pacific fleet when Pearl Harbor was attacked. We have never known positively how many lives were lost. Eternal vigilance is necessary for the Christian soldiers. Be watchful is the admonition through out. So let the words of the poet be like Christian https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3ec13324b47d1bff17e055d10594c4d9.jpg f9ddfbc2cca18b463a33e4b6aad6bf8c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Solders constant prayer My soul Be on thy guard Not flesh & blood Eph 6:12 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/2e0e1a8bcc3ecb4498db3e54828d4556.jpg fcfca5dde65161459f51d7b7a0aa5be8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource For Evangelist Daisy Wagner .50 Lemuel Parlor Jr. .25 R.S. Caldwell 1.00 Ada Bond 1.10 Luella Phifer 1.00 Ruth Lyerly 1.00 Hester Roscoe[?] 1.50 Frances Caldwell .50 C.A. Biggers .10 Sallie White 1.10 Mr & Mrs. J.W. Bost 1.00 Margaret Williams 1.00 S.C. Boger 1.00 Mattie McLaughlin .50 Christine Alexander .25 Mattie Bassinger .25 M.L. Miller .25 Mary Ingram .25 Alberta Bost .50 Mary H. Green 1.00 Willie J. Bost .50 Mattie M. Young .50 Marion Edwards 1.00 Bertha Miller .50 E.B. Houston .25 Janie Miller .35 Gladys Wagner 1.00 M.A. Phifer 1.00 Johnie B. White 1.00 Sam Wagner. 50 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/b636dbc954ace5a09a3ea2ff41440b24.jpg 805b303292c965429c734695aa315382 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource $26.85 Sarah Morris 1.00 J.B. Rankin .25 E.L. James 1.00 Mrs. L.G. Parlor .50 K.E. Jones 1.00 Mr D. Steele .25 Mrs Emma Thomas .50 Lizzie Davis .45 Campbell Caldwell .25 Carla Caldwell (40) 1.00 Total: $2.685 L.D. Boges – 1.00 Jamie[?] Murphy – 1.00 Price Biggers – 1.00 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/f0a0019ffab3ef6930811161229d5368.jpg 55b923dfc33615cd4022ff5e3d654fc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Everyone who bears the name of Christ should by all means endeavor to influence others for good. I know it is very discouraging sometimes we wonder whether the continued practice of Bible reading in the home Daily[?] prayer – “ “ Constant religious devotion[?] etc. is doing any good. Parent must rust God for result but keep on – A good Christian man was married to one who was not like minded for more than 20 years she was a thorn in his side – There eldest son https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/cfe7cd06fd00fce12578f0b69ab8c824.jpg 8a02d721895b3cd6bf73465d77207869 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Study Nov. 9, 1944 11:35 am Cara Lee Griffin Richardson Miller Willie Forest Jessie Johnston Henrietta Reid Janet Drye Mildred Stephens Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document See – 356-358 Hymns 206 see 75 269 271 Sunday June 18, 1944 Text: 1 Tim 6:12 Fight the good [?] of faiths The Christian Soldier – There are many valuable lessons to be learned from wars and conflicts. With all of their horrors and suffering and attendant evils there is no other human experience that affords a great opportunity to learn God’s way in disciplining His people so that they might win a victorious life. There is a similarity between the human warfare and the spiritual warfare. So as we note the varying details necessary to the waging of a war, organizing troops and preparing them for battle. As we notice the soldier his weapons his loyalty to his country his spirit of sacrificing even his life for a cause. We can see also the reason why so many scriptures[?] passages refer to the spiritual life as a war, and Christians as soldiers. Then as Christian soldiers we are to learn that we too – like the soldiers – saints in all these glorious wars must conquer tho[?] we die.” Be always on Guard. I One of the first lessons we must learn is: the type of enemy we are to face. Our men are facing this tricky and fanatical[?] Japanese in the Pacific. We failed when they first attacked us because we were not on our guard. The result was we lost nearly our whole mid Pacific fleet when Pearl Harbor was attacked. We have never known positively how many lives were lost. Eternal vigilance is necessary for the Christian soldiers. Be watchful is the admonition through out. So let the words of the poet be like Christian Solders constant prayer My soul Be on thy guard Not flesh & blood Eph 6:12 For Evangelist Daisy Wagner .50 Lemuel Parlor Jr. .25 R.S. Caldwell 1.00 Ada Bond 1.10 Luella Phifer 1.00 Ruth Lyerly 1.00 Hester Roscoe[?] 1.50 Frances Caldwell .50 C.A. Biggers .10 Sallie White 1.10 Mr & Mrs. J.W. Bost 1.00 Margaret Williams 1.00 S.C. Boger 1.00 Mattie McLaughlin .50 Christine Alexander .25 Mattie Bassinger .25 M.L. Miller .25 Mary Ingram .25 Alberta Bost .50 Mary H. Green 1.00 Willie J. Bost .50 Mattie M. Young .50 Marion Edwards 1.00 Bertha Miller .50 E.B. Houston .25 Janie Miller .35 Gladys Wagner 1.00 M.A. Phifer 1.00 Johnie B. White 1.00 Sam Wagner. 50 $26.85 Sarah Morris 1.00 J.B. Rankin .25 E.L. James 1.00 Mrs. L.G. Parlor .50 K.E. Jones 1.00 Mr D. Steele .25 Mrs Emma Thomas .50 Lizzie Davis .45 Campbell Caldwell .25 Carla Caldwell (40) 1.00 Total: $2.685 L.D. Boges – 1.00 Jamie[?] Murphy – 1.00 Price Biggers – 1.00 Everyone who bears the name of Christ should by all means endeavor to influence others for good. I know it is very discouraging sometimes we wonder whether the continued practice of Bible reading in the home Daily[?] prayer – “ “ Constant religious devotion[?] etc. is doing any good. Parent must rust God for result but keep on – A good Christian man was married to one who was not like minded for more than 20 years she was a thorn in his side – There eldest son Study Nov. 9, 1944 11:35 am Cara Lee Griffin Richardson Miller Willie Forest Jessie Johnston Henrietta Reid Janet Drye Mildred Stephens Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Fight for the good of faith-the Christian soldier" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wilson, Hercules Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hercules Wilson collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 June 18 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Sermons Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.121.0001_001.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_002.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_003.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_004.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_005.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_006.doc.b01f11 auc.121.0001_007.doc.b01f11 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a458f0348179bcd623170521fb15fb5a.jpg ba995a62c3e96321c9f71b23dbac566a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource War...and its Aftermath On Friday, the 27th day of January, 1972, the war in Vietnam was formally brought to a close with the signing of a “cease fire” agreement in Paris. It was the longest war in American history having lasted something more than twelve years at a direct cost of more than $110 billion. It was also the most unpopular war, and the most controversial. Not many Americans were agreed upon what they were fighting for, or whether our goals had been realized when the armistice was signed. There was almost universal agreement however, that it was time, indeed long past time, to get our men out and go home. A disproportionate number of the men fighting in Southeast Asia were Black Americans. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/fdf469351b54040bf7f4edcb0d927689.jpg c2cd6c3f8bd24fab11359b08c08632b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource They were the poor and jobless conscripts who fell the inevitable heirs to the uniforms rejected by the white middle class youth, who, if their traditional insulation of cast and class, education and profession proved insufficient to protect them from physical involvement in the war, could quit the country in protest to live in Canada or Sweden. The war was a difficult and shattering experience for most black soldiers. They could not “opt for Canada” as could educated the white youth of the American establishment. By-and-by all will be forgiven and they will come home again to jobs and families and positions. Bitter experience has taught Black Americans that what is “protest” for some may well be considered “treason” for some others. (It was only in 1972 that the Federal Government finally cleared 167 Black soldiers of the all-black First Battalion of the 25th Infantry who were dishonorably discharged by President Theodore Roosevelt for “protesting” their mistreatment in Brownsville, Texas 66 years earlier in 1906!) The burden of the war then fell upon https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/45df9bac8125208df3d5cb9f0cbe2d0f.jpg 8e36fa4c68d89a9ed4df819d4be985be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Blacks as a caste, the poor as a class, and its professional military. Many of the last two categories, ironically, come from the Southern United States making for improbably harmony and efficiency in the field. Inevitably as the war dragged on, racial incidents at American bases in Asia (and in occupied Europe) increased. At the front, Black casualties were disproportionately high, suggesting the possibility of bias in military assignments. There were votes in [?]ing Black and white sailors aboard American warships, and between the races at training camps in America and at Army containments[?] abroad. Off duty, Black soldiers and sailors frequented one section of town, whites another. Reflecting the growing sense https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/1b170cf5ce42901c622d8f0137f5c8f6.jpg 439651015e3722eda71341f4466e1985 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource of black ethnicity at home, Blacks in the military began to find new pride in their identity. They also demanded that recognition be given their traditional food, recreational and cosmetic preferences, instead of continuing the traditional assumption that what white soldiers preferred to eat, the music they enjoyed most, or the way they liked to cut their hair was necessarily good for, or acceptable to Blacks. By the war’s end, relationships between the races in the military services was seriously deteriorated, and a series of formal investigations had been called for. The return of the war veterans posed critical problems of adjustment. Jobs needed to be found. Rehabilitation to civilian life would not be easy or https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/374e73af87146fb4c090b00d23cdac51.jpg 927afc6cfa36ce855b083c75d6b2afc2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource automatic. Many soldiers had been brutalized by combat, drugs, and racial experiences. There is a growing demand for an all “volunteer” army. The American establishment does not want its sons to ever again be faced with the choice of serving in a war like “Vietnam,” or expatriating themselves to avoid conscription. The expectation is that if the pay is attractive enough, under the established cadre of professional officers, the Black and the poor will be Hessians to the nation with little inconvenience to the rest of America. Should the possibility that employment and underemployment differentials between whites and blacks continue, the American army of the future may well be the largest “black” military force in the world. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document War...and its Aftermath On Friday, the 27th day of January, 1972, the war in Vietnam was formally brought to a close with the signing of a “cease fire” agreement in Paris. It was the longest war in American history having lasted something more than twelve years at a direct cost of more than $110 billion. It was also the most unpopular war, and the most controversial. Not many Americans were agreed upon what they were fighting for, or whether our goals had been realized when the armistice was signed. There was almost universal agreement however, that it was time, indeed long past time, to get our men out and go home. A disproportionate number of the men fighting in Southeast Asia were Black Americans. They were the poor and jobless conscripts who fell the inevitable heirs to the uniforms rejected by the white middle class youth, who, if their traditional insulation of cast and class, education and profession proved insufficient to protect them from physical involvement in the war, could quit the country in protest to live in Canada or Sweden. The war was a difficult and shattering experience for most black soldiers. They could not “opt for Canada” as could educated the white youth of the American establishment. By-and-by all will be forgiven and they will come home again to jobs and families and positions. Bitter experience has taught Black Americans that what is “protest” for some may well be considered “treason” for some others. (It was only in 1972 that the Federal Government finally cleared 167 Black soldiers of the all-black First Battalion of the 25th Infantry who were dishonorably discharged by President Theodore Roosevelt for “protesting” their mistreatment in Brownsville, Texas 66 years earlier in 1906!) The burden of the war then fell upon Blacks as a caste, the poor as a class, and its professional military. Many of the last two categories, ironically, come from the Southern United States making for improbably harmony and efficiency in the field. Inevitably as the war dragged on, racial incidents at American bases in Asia (and in occupied Europe) increased. At the front, Black casualties were disproportionately high, suggesting the possibility of bias in military assignments. There were votes in [?]ing Black and white sailors aboard American warships, and between the races at training camps in America and at Army containments[?] abroad. Off duty, Black soldiers and sailors frequented one section of town, whites another. Reflecting the growing sense of black ethnicity at home, Blacks in the military began to find new pride in their identity. They also demanded that recognition be given their traditional food, recreational and cosmetic preferences, instead of continuing the traditional assumption that what white soldiers preferred to eat, the music they enjoyed most, or the way they liked to cut their hair was necessarily good for, or acceptable to Blacks. By the war’s end, relationships between the races in the military services was seriously deteriorated, and a series of formal investigations had been called for. The return of the war veterans posed critical problems of adjustment. Jobs needed to be found. Rehabilitation to civilian life would not be easy or automatic. Many soldiers had been brutalized by combat, drugs, and racial experiences. There is a growing demand for an all “volunteer” army. The American establishment does not want its sons to ever again be faced with the choice of serving in a war like “Vietnam,” or expatriating themselves to avoid conscription. The expectation is that if the pay is attractive enough, under the established cadre of professional officers, the Black and the poor will be Hessians to the nation with little inconvenience to the rest of America. Should the possibility that employment and underemployment differentials between whites and blacks continue, the American army of the future may well be the largest “black” military force in the world. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "War...and its Aftermath" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lincoln, C. Eric (Charles Eric), 1924-2000 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived C. Eric Lincoln collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource undated Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Manuscripts (documents) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.047.0001_001.doc.b140f14 auc.047.0001_002.doc.b140f14 auc.047.0001_003.doc.b140f14 auc.047.0001_004.doc.b140f14 auc.047.0001_005.doc.b140f14 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/94aeb793688e5c8e36f4c13cb45d9e03.jpg ecf60bf5620825ff19c84ca2f8299966 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert E. Penn in military uniform walks down the street whistling. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert E. Penn Description An account of the resource Robert E. Penn in military uniform walks down the street whistling. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Penn, Robert E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert E. Penn Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1943 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Black-and-white photographs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.143.0046.pho.b15f04 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1943 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/dcbdd752e774ade276d6a51341a87f8d.jpg 2b60517f3987fe3b12520ca78d2a44b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of a group of African American Soldiers, the 369th Infantry Regiment who fought in WWI and WWII. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 369th Infantry Regiment Description An account of the resource Portrait of a group of African American Soldiers, the 369th Infantry Regiment who fought in WWI and WWII. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brawley, James P. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived James P. Brawley Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1920 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Lantern slides Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.108.b177.f00.00000000.pho0057 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1920 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/5010f9460f8fb0f58f93c99bea147db2.jpg 232bddc98e6ebfde3849033981722573 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Invitation cover with illustration of a black panther's head facing left over the phrase "Come out fighting" https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/87cc5765cb974fe0246da5326a5ffe50.jpg 0ab721cb5cd2a9411e8d33070fe1c09f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource National Officers Edward M. Donald, President ....... Detroit, Mich. Thomas G. Hill, Vice President .. Washington D.C. Ray Robertson, Secretary ...........Chicago, Ill. Dr. G. Norman Adamson, Treasurer .. Chicago, Ill. Wendell T. Johnson, Chaplain ...... Detroit, Mich. Homer Bracy, Sgt.-at-Arms .......... Chicago, Ill. Philadelphia Chapter Walter Lewis ................... President James Rollins ................ Vice President Louis O. Horne ................. Secretary Charles Steward .................. Treasurer Floyd Humphrey ............. Assistant Treasurer George Hairston ............... Business Manager Reunion Committee Herman Taylor ............... Washington, D.C. Phillip Agnew .................. Detroit, Mich. Walter Lewis ..................... Phila., Pa. The 761st Tank Battalion Association cordially invite you as a guest of honor to our TWELFTH ANNUAL REUNION Dinner Dance and Cabaret in the Pennsylvania Room, Hotel Sheraton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Saturday, the Third day of September Nineteen Hundred Sixty Banquet six to eight p.m. Dance nine to one a.m. Music by Leroy Evans and his 761st Tank Battalion Orchestra Featuring The Philtones Presenting The Jerome Gaymon Trio In A Dance Fantasy Subscription $6.00 per person Semi-Formal Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document National Officers Edward M. Donald, President ....... Detroit, Mich. Thomas G. Hill, Vice President .. Washington D.C. Ray Robertson, Secretary ...........Chicago, Ill. Dr. G. Norman Adamson, Treasurer .. Chicago, Ill. Wendell T. Johnson, Chaplain ...... Detroit, Mich. Homer Bracy, Sgt.-at-Arms .......... Chicago, Ill. Philadelphia Chapter Walter Lewis ................... President James Rollins ................ Vice President Louis O. Horne ................. Secretary Charles Steward .................. Treasurer Floyd Humphrey ............. Assistant Treasurer George Hairston ............... Business Manager Reunion Committee Herman Taylor ............... Washington, D.C. Phillip Agnew .................. Detroit, Mich. Walter Lewis ..................... Phila., Pa. The 761st Tank Battalion Association cordially invite you as a guest of honor to our TWELFTH ANNUAL REUNION Dinner Dance and Cabaret in the Pennsylvania Room, Hotel Sheraton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Saturday, the Third day of September Nineteen Hundred Sixty Banquet six to eight p.m. Dance nine to one a.m. Music by Leroy Evans and his 761st Tank Battalion Orchestra Featuring The Philtones Presenting The Jerome Gaymon Trio In A Dance Fantasy Subscription $6.00 per person Semi-Formal Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reunion Invitation Subject The topic of the resource Anderson, Trezzvant W.; United States. Army. Tank Battalion, 761st; Veterans--United States Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Trezzvant W. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Trezzvant W. Anderson papers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Invitations Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.010.0010_001.doc.b05f19 auc.010.0010_002.doc.b05f19 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/67cd77912bbff34f91a00f5614866ada.jpg 23fcd3678485cc927601042dadbf6ecc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front of holiday card with 761st Battalion logo (black panther head facing left over the phrase "come out fighting) in upper left corner and illustration of Santa Clause holding a sign saying "Merry Merry Christmas" in lower right corner. Text of card says "Lest we forget; Holiday greetings" https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/abc18c8449674a1e7979277c4885f43a.jpg 7c14f2432104b5a9f7c214bc5e6b7145 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource “Lest We Forget” They gave their lives that others might live...that is true of our comrades of the 761st Tank Battalion who, a mere five years ago, were giving their lives on foreign soil. Now, five years later, some of our comrades are again making the great sacrifice in Korea. We salute them during the anniversary of snow-filled Christmas battle at Sarre-Union in France, and a New Year rendezvous with death in “The Bulge” in Belgium. Lest we forget...that we are not alone in our sacrifices and that it takes ALL of us to make a winning team...we dedicate this story of two men who were NOT up front. We dedicate it to our former comrades of the 761st and their fellows, now “somewhere in Korea”: Maj. Richard Williams, M/Sgt. Louis M. Daniels, T/Sgt. William Griffin, Sgt. Austin C. Jackson and others again bringing glory to the name of the 761st...and Captain Leonard P. Taylor, our Battalion Adjutant, who died of leukemia in Savannah, Ga. this month...one whom we all knew and loved. Trezzvant W. Anderson, President, 761st Tank Battalion Ass’n. 19 Mercer Street, Pittsburgh 19, Pa. THIRD RE-UNION, DETROIT, MICH., AUG. 24, 25, 26, 1951 TEISENDORF, Germany (Oct. 31, 1945) – The snows are capping the tops of the beautiful Bavarian Alps, here in the heart of the Tyrol, where the veteran 761st Tank Battalion is doing occupation, and a thrilling scene lays before my eyes. The sun is shining and it is beautiful here, but my heart is not remotely concerned with that. Out of the welter of historical data that surrounds the deeds of the Negro soldiers in Europe in World War II, there are just two incidents which focus themselves into my mental perspective today, and I cannot resist the impulse to write about it, so that the world may know of two incidents, concerning two Negro soldiers (and gentlemen) who were part of the forces in the European Theatre of Operations. Both are dead! On the field of battle, out in “No Man’s Land,” many men gave their lives and many Negroes fell to the bullets of the enemy. Many heroes were made by the valiant work of combat troops who took all the enemy could offer, and then some, and they got Silver Stars, Bronze Stars, D.S.C.’s. But there was no greater contribution made during this war, in its scope than the contributions made by these two Negro soldiers who died, without the accolade of the crowds, with no formal ceremonies to mark their passing, only simple graves on a foreign soil. But each one of them was a great man in his own field, and the American Negroes should know about these two men, each of whom made his contribution in his own way, and that contribution was of a far more valuable benefit to the soldiers around them, than any individual performance which either of them could have displayed on the battlefield. The first of the two men is the late Pvt. JOHN S. KINLOCH of 4075 South Central Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif., former Managing Editor of The CALIFORNIA EAGLE and nephew of Mrs. Carlotta Bass, the publisher of that newspaper. JOHN was my friend and comrade, a fellow-craftsman, who was the most excellent in his capacity as a newspaperman, and was so acclaimed by all those who came into contact with him during his journalistic work in the European Theatre of Operations, where he served as an Army Correspondent at the Normandy Base Section Headquarters, at Cherbourg, France. But JOHN did not die at his copy desk, with reams of copy before him, awaiting the skilled touch of clever fingers, and the agile adjustment which his https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/96eba2bd3cf001e7bd8c20a4148066f7.jpg d56afbf9cef7f92f9d7c535e09153c1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource energetic newspaper mind could make on a news story, to give it that stirring color, so well liked by the U.S. reading public. JOHN was killed in action on a battlefield in Germany, as a rifleman in that crack Negro Platoon of Company G, of the 39th Infantry Regiment of the Ninth Infantry Division, which won the prize as the best drilling platoon in that entire division! He was far from his beloved typewriter when the bullets of an enemy machine gun cut him down, as he fired his M-1 against the hated Nazis! There is a great story behind his death, and how he came to be there, and that story forms the basis of my contention that JOHN’S contribution to the war was one of the most outstanding examples of self-sacrifices ever displayed by mortal man, in that he made his supreme sacrifice because he was loyal to his ideals of his duty to his Race, and his country! JOHN KINLOCH KNEW, even as did I myself, that the role of the Negro soldier in this war was going to be given scant and casual attention and treatment by those charged with the responsibility of disseminating to the public the activities in the news of the American Negro soldier. WHY JOHN KINLOCH knew this is another story, and the part which HE played in overcoming the obstacles which prevented fuller light being shed on the part being played by the Negro soldier as an integral part of the American Army in Europe resulted in his being killed on the field of battle, NOT AS A NEWSPAPERMAN (WHICH HE REALLY WAS), but as an infantryman, firing the M-1 rifle, which any other soldier could have fired, for it was a simple matter of getting the proper sight-picture over the peep—sight on the end of the barrel, and then squeezing the trigger. The Army could have put any other Negro soldier from any port battalion, quartermaster unit, engineer outfit, or service company on that job. But the Army would have had a heluva time putting another soldier at JOHN KINLOCH’S desk to knock out the brilliant news stories which featured his service at the Public Relations Office of the Normany Base Section Headquarters! But JOHN KINLOCH and I had a conference back in Paris in November, 1944, when it was evident that we Army correspondents were not going to get into ground force area without great difficulty, (thanks to Lieut.-Gen. John C.H. Lee) and we decided to do something about it. If those responsible for the proper dissemination of news about our boys would not make arrangements satisfactory to provide this: WE OURSELVES WOULD TRANSFER TO THE HARDEST FIGHTING FRONT-LINE UNITES WITH NEGRO FIGHTERS, AND THEN WE WOULD BE SURE THAT, AT LEAST, THE SINGLE OUTFIT THAT WE WERE WITH WOULD BE PROPERLY COVERED FROM A NEWS STANDPOINT! I, Anderson, chose the 761st Tank Battalion because it was doing the roughest fighting of any Negro unit on the Western Front; JOHN KINLOCH chose the infantry and we finally got transferred into them! JOHN lost his life on the field of battle, fighting for his country. I was more fortunate, as I am still alive. But, before JOHN cashed in his chips, he got out of his big story...the first stories of the work of the famous Negro platoon of “Company G, 39th Regiment, Ninth Infantry Division,” and got their pictures into YANK, the Army magazine! And, then, fulfilling his T/O job as a rifleman, he went forth to the field of battle, and did his duty there, giving his life in the performance of that duty! Perhaps no marble statue will adorn the resting place of JOHN KINLOCH’S body, but he rates one. For he was one of the very few Negro correspondents...civilian or military...who was willing to go “all the way” in the carrying out of the ideals that inspired him to his great sacrifice. A brilliant young man, and a great soldier. Someday ALL of the story behind JOHN KINLOCH’S being in the infantry may be told. And then the Negro Race will be proud of this young man, this young Army Correspondent, who gave his life on the battlefield WHERE THE NEWS WAS, and not from the elegant recesses of a swank hotel many miles behind the front lines, describing front-line action from some communique based upon the report of men like himself! *** The second man made his contribution in a far different, but no less effective, manner. He was Sgt. NELSON BRYAN of West 149th Street, New York City, who was formerly hot-trumpet man with Lucky Millinder’s great orchestra, before he entered the armed services. NELSON was killed in an auto accident in September, 1945, in Germany, while a member of the 847th Engineer Aviation Battalion. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/457e98c919e35b6daf03b82c7613c79e.jpg 0dff7b8c096949b01db49fef7bbcc200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The story about BRYAN? Well, last year, 1944, back in England, I wrote and produced two shows for the 923rd Aviation Engineer Regiment to which BRYAN’S battalion belonged. In these two shows I had two orchestras. One of them was BRYAN’S now-famous “RIO RITA” Orchestra, and we had such performers as Jimmy Daniels, owner of “Jimmy Daniels, Inc.” New York Café Society nite club, like Ike Baker, former member of “The Three Blue Jackets,” and other top flighters. On one occasion our show raised more than 25,000 pounds (about $100,000) for an English “Salute the Soldier Week” Fund. Well, we came to the Continent. Here, I consolidated the best features of the two shows into one grand fast-moving hot deluxe show, and we hit the boards for the First Tactical Air Force, then commanded by Maj. Gen. RALPH ROYCE, and also put on shows for the Headquarters of Gen. JACOB DEVERS’ Sixth Army Group. It was BRYAN who paced the band, and was the star performer in his thrilling rendition of Hoagy Carmichael’s immortal “Stardust,” and “I’m Confessin’ That I love You,” as the piece de resistance. That show was known as “The Harlem Express,” and we had men from Millinder, Harlan Leonard, Lester Young, Les Hite, and other great bands, and it was an A-1 show in all respects. We hit the Sixth Army Group area during the bitter month of January, just after the Germans had shoved the Seventh Army back along its front in the Vosges Mountains of Alsace-Lorraine. We hit the hospitals, and broadcasted from Dijon. We played before thousands, and Nelson Bryan’s great contribution was the heart-throbbing happiness which settled into the souls of the thousands of sick and wounded soldiers of the Seventh Army, as his tender tones, and the mellow notes of his golden trumpet, carried them back home into their own firesides, and the warm comfortable night clubs which spelled for them AMERICA itself!. And their wounds were less painful; their sickness was less misery to them, and their hearts were lighter and gayer, because this dusky huge American artist had come to them, bringing them the warm spirit of their own native land, htere amid the ice and snow that was Alsac-Lorraine in January. Cripples on crutches seemed less like cripples; men with bodies racked with pain seemed more cheerful, and they even attempted to do a sort of “jitterbug” as the great orchestra, guided by NELSON BRYAN, transported them back home to AMERICA. That was HIS contribution, not in one place alone, but in many places, and wherever we went, the acclaim of the vast crowds was sweet music to our ears, and we got a thrill out of it, because we knew that we were doing “something for the boys.” And then we didn’t mind the long rides in that cold six-by-six truck in the show, with no fire, and the poor accommodations for sleep and food with which we had to content ourselves. BRYAN would have made a good sailor, for he was a great “cusser” and could say those words so fervently. But his work of bringing cheer into the hearts of battle-weary Americans of both races, was a great inspiration, and everywhere it was: “When are you coming back?” Well, NELSON was killed in an auto accident, not on the stage to which he was no stranger, and the news of his passing spread like wild-fire, and left a great tinge of sadness and depression all over his comrades, friends and acquaintances. A great guy was gone! *** They were both my friends, and my intimate associates, and each, in his own field, made a great contribution to the war, because WHAT HE DID gave to other soldiers, thousands of them, the inspiration, and the will to carry on, and to back to the field of battle and fight the enemy harder and harder. That they didn’t actually kill thousands of Germans themselves is of little consequence, but the fact that it was what they did that helped OTHER American soldiers to have the courage and desire and inspiration to kill thousands of Germans, which helped shorten the War in Europe! Sing a hymn of praise for JOHN S. KINLOCH and NELSON BRYAN, two great Negro heroes of this war, who like hundreds of others, passed into oblivion, minus the glamor of the front-page, and the thrilling radio descriptions of their brilliant combat achievements, for the were HEROES! TREZZVANT W. ANDERSON. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document “Lest We Forget” They gave their lives that others might live...that is true of our comrades of the 761st Tank Battalion who, a mere five years ago, were giving their lives on foreign soil. Now, five years later, some of our comrades are again making the great sacrifice in Korea. We salute them during the anniversary of snow-filled Christmas battle at Sarre-Union in France, and a New Year rendezvous with death in “The Bulge” in Belgium. Lest we forget...that we are not alone in our sacrifices and that it takes ALL of us to make a winning team...we dedicate this story of two men who were NOT up front. We dedicate it to our former comrades of the 761st and their fellows, now “somewhere in Korea”: Maj. Richard Williams, M/Sgt. Louis M. Daniels, T/Sgt. William Griffin, Sgt. Austin C. Jackson and others again bringing glory to the name of the 761st...and Captain Leonard P. Taylor, our Battalion Adjutant, who died of leukemia in Savannah, Ga. this month...one whom we all knew and loved. Trezzvant W. Anderson, President, 761st Tank Battalion Ass’n. 19 Mercer Street, Pittsburgh 19, Pa. THIRD RE-UNION, DETROIT, MICH., AUG. 24, 25, 26, 1951 TEISENDORF, Germany (Oct. 31, 1945) – The snows are capping the tops of the beautiful Bavarian Alps, here in the heart of the Tyrol, where the veteran 761st Tank Battalion is doing occupation, and a thrilling scene lays before my eyes. The sun is shining and it is beautiful here, but my heart is not remotely concerned with that. Out of the welter of historical data that surrounds the deeds of the Negro soldiers in Europe in World War II, there are just two incidents which focus themselves into my mental perspective today, and I cannot resist the impulse to write about it, so that the world may know of two incidents, concerning two Negro soldiers (and gentlemen) who were part of the forces in the European Theatre of Operations. Both are dead! On the field of battle, out in “No Man’s Land,” many men gave their lives and many Negroes fell to the bullets of the enemy. Many heroes were made by the valiant work of combat troops who took all the enemy could offer, and then some, and they got Silver Stars, Bronze Stars, D.S.C.’s. But there was no greater contribution made during this war, in its scope than the contributions made by these two Negro soldiers who died, without the accolade of the crowds, with no formal ceremonies to mark their passing, only simple graves on a foreign soil. But each one of them was a great man in his own field, and the American Negroes should know about these two men, each of whom made his contribution in his own way, and that contribution was of a far more valuable benefit to the soldiers around them, than any individual performance which either of them could have displayed on the battlefield. The first of the two men is the late Pvt. JOHN S. KINLOCH of 4075 South Central Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif., former Managing Editor of The CALIFORNIA EAGLE and nephew of Mrs. Carlotta Bass, the publisher of that newspaper. JOHN was my friend and comrade, a fellow-craftsman, who was the most excellent in his capacity as a newspaperman, and was so acclaimed by all those who came into contact with him during his journalistic work in the European Theatre of Operations, where he served as an Army Correspondent at the Normandy Base Section Headquarters, at Cherbourg, France. But JOHN did not die at his copy desk, with reams of copy before him, awaiting the skilled touch of clever fingers, and the agile adjustment which his energetic newspaper mind could make on a news story, to give it that stirring color, so well liked by the U.S. reading public. JOHN was killed in action on a battlefield in Germany, as a rifleman in that crack Negro Platoon of Company G, of the 39th Infantry Regiment of the Ninth Infantry Division, which won the prize as the best drilling platoon in that entire division! He was far from his beloved typewriter when the bullets of an enemy machine gun cut him down, as he fired his M-1 against the hated Nazis! There is a great story behind his death, and how he came to be there, and that story forms the basis of my contention that JOHN’S contribution to the war was one of the most outstanding examples of self-sacrifices ever displayed by mortal man, in that he made his supreme sacrifice because he was loyal to his ideals of his duty to his Race, and his country! JOHN KINLOCH KNEW, even as did I myself, that the role of the Negro soldier in this war was going to be given scant and casual attention and treatment by those charged with the responsibility of disseminating to the public the activities in the news of the American Negro soldier. WHY JOHN KINLOCH knew this is another story, and the part which HE played in overcoming the obstacles which prevented fuller light being shed on the part being played by the Negro soldier as an integral part of the American Army in Europe resulted in his being killed on the field of battle, NOT AS A NEWSPAPERMAN (WHICH HE REALLY WAS), but as an infantryman, firing the M-1 rifle, which any other soldier could have fired, for it was a simple matter of getting the proper sight-picture over the peep—sight on the end of the barrel, and then squeezing the trigger. The Army could have put any other Negro soldier from any port battalion, quartermaster unit, engineer outfit, or service company on that job. But the Army would have had a heluva time putting another soldier at JOHN KINLOCH’S desk to knock out the brilliant news stories which featured his service at the Public Relations Office of the Normany Base Section Headquarters! But JOHN KINLOCH and I had a conference back in Paris in November, 1944, when it was evident that we Army correspondents were not going to get into ground force area without great difficulty, (thanks to Lieut.-Gen. John C.H. Lee) and we decided to do something about it. If those responsible for the proper dissemination of news about our boys would not make arrangements satisfactory to provide this: WE OURSELVES WOULD TRANSFER TO THE HARDEST FIGHTING FRONT-LINE UNITES WITH NEGRO FIGHTERS, AND THEN WE WOULD BE SURE THAT, AT LEAST, THE SINGLE OUTFIT THAT WE WERE WITH WOULD BE PROPERLY COVERED FROM A NEWS STANDPOINT! I, Anderson, chose the 761st Tank Battalion because it was doing the roughest fighting of any Negro unit on the Western Front; JOHN KINLOCH chose the infantry and we finally got transferred into them! JOHN lost his life on the field of battle, fighting for his country. I was more fortunate, as I am still alive. But, before JOHN cashed in his chips, he got out of his big story...the first stories of the work of the famous Negro platoon of “Company G, 39th Regiment, Ninth Infantry Division,” and got their pictures into YANK, the Army magazine! And, then, fulfilling his T/O job as a rifleman, he went forth to the field of battle, and did his duty there, giving his life in the performance of that duty! Perhaps no marble statue will adorn the resting place of JOHN KINLOCH’S body, but he rates one. For he was one of the very few Negro correspondents...civilian or military...who was willing to go “all the way” in the carrying out of the ideals that inspired him to his great sacrifice. A brilliant young man, and a great soldier. Someday ALL of the story behind JOHN KINLOCH’S being in the infantry may be told. And then the Negro Race will be proud of this young man, this young Army Correspondent, who gave his life on the battlefield WHERE THE NEWS WAS, and not from the elegant recesses of a swank hotel many miles behind the front lines, describing front-line action from some communique based upon the report of men like himself! *** The second man made his contribution in a far different, but no less effective, manner. He was Sgt. NELSON BRYAN of West 149th Street, New York City, who was formerly hot-trumpet man with Lucky Millinder’s great orchestra, before he entered the armed services. NELSON was killed in an auto accident in September, 1945, in Germany, while a member of the 847th Engineer Aviation Battalion. The story about BRYAN? Well, last year, 1944, back in England, I wrote and produced two shows for the 923rd Aviation Engineer Regiment to which BRYAN’S battalion belonged. In these two shows I had two orchestras. One of them was BRYAN’S now-famous “RIO RITA” Orchestra, and we had such performers as Jimmy Daniels, owner of “Jimmy Daniels, Inc.” New York Café Society nite club, like Ike Baker, former member of “The Three Blue Jackets,” and other top flighters. On one occasion our show raised more than 25,000 pounds (about $100,000) for an English “Salute the Soldier Week” Fund. Well, we came to the Continent. Here, I consolidated the best features of the two shows into one grand fast-moving hot deluxe show, and we hit the boards for the First Tactical Air Force, then commanded by Maj. Gen. RALPH ROYCE, and also put on shows for the Headquarters of Gen. JACOB DEVERS’ Sixth Army Group. It was BRYAN who paced the band, and was the star performer in his thrilling rendition of Hoagy Carmichael’s immortal “Stardust,” and “I’m Confessin’ That I love You,” as the piece de resistance. That show was known as “The Harlem Express,” and we had men from Millinder, Harlan Leonard, Lester Young, Les Hite, and other great bands, and it was an A-1 show in all respects. We hit the Sixth Army Group area during the bitter month of January, just after the Germans had shoved the Seventh Army back along its front in the Vosges Mountains of Alsace-Lorraine. We hit the hospitals, and broadcasted from Dijon. We played before thousands, and Nelson Bryan’s great contribution was the heart-throbbing happiness which settled into the souls of the thousands of sick and wounded soldiers of the Seventh Army, as his tender tones, and the mellow notes of his golden trumpet, carried them back home into their own firesides, and the warm comfortable night clubs which spelled for them AMERICA itself!. And their wounds were less painful; their sickness was less misery to them, and their hearts were lighter and gayer, because this dusky huge American artist had come to them, bringing them the warm spirit of their own native land, htere amid the ice and snow that was Alsac-Lorraine in January. Cripples on crutches seemed less like cripples; men with bodies racked with pain seemed more cheerful, and they even attempted to do a sort of “jitterbug” as the great orchestra, guided by NELSON BRYAN, transported them back home to AMERICA. That was HIS contribution, not in one place alone, but in many places, and wherever we went, the acclaim of the vast crowds was sweet music to our ears, and we got a thrill out of it, because we knew that we were doing “something for the boys.” And then we didn’t mind the long rides in that cold six-by-six truck in the show, with no fire, and the poor accommodations for sleep and food with which we had to content ourselves. BRYAN would have made a good sailor, for he was a great “cusser” and could say those words so fervently. But his work of bringing cheer into the hearts of battle-weary Americans of both races, was a great inspiration, and everywhere it was: “When are you coming back?” Well, NELSON was killed in an auto accident, not on the stage to which he was no stranger, and the news of his passing spread like wild-fire, and left a great tinge of sadness and depression all over his comrades, friends and acquaintances. A great guy was gone! *** They were both my friends, and my intimate associates, and each, in his own field, made a great contribution to the war, because WHAT HE DID gave to other soldiers, thousands of them, the inspiration, and the will to carry on, and to back to the field of battle and fight the enemy harder and harder. That they didn’t actually kill thousands of Germans themselves is of little consequence, but the fact that it was what they did that helped OTHER American soldiers to have the courage and desire and inspiration to kill thousands of Germans, which helped shorten the War in Europe! Sing a hymn of praise for JOHN S. KINLOCH and NELSON BRYAN, two great Negro heroes of this war, who like hundreds of others, passed into oblivion, minus the glamor of the front-page, and the thrilling radio descriptions of their brilliant combat achievements, for the were HEROES! TREZZVANT W. ANDERSON. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Greeting Card Subject The topic of the resource Anderson, Trezzvant W.; United States. Army. Tank Battalion, 761st; Veterans--United States Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Trezzvant W. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Trezzvant W. Anderson papers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Greeting cards Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.010.0011_001.doc.b05f19 auc.010.0011_002.doc.b05f19 auc.010.0011_003.doc.b05f19 auc.010.0011_004.doc.b05f19 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1962 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/0a6aaad3c20c2172b873b8ecb9fa81a1.jpg eb893388010921f83b1de3f6e4e1b196 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front cover of program with American flag illustration; Text: Army Navy Marine Coast Guard Merchant Marine Tribute to Negro Servicemen Renaissance Ballroom Sunday June 27, 1943 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/ac47f1b12a89d41101eb8983de272c1c.jpg ba8a95a89f61310088794d7f5fe6a620 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource “MEN OF COLOR TO ARMS” – Frederick Douglass https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/de6ea8fde95037f9094c6d21062e6df8.jpg cc3a59e08b277c0147821bc95746a7d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Was the cry of a famous Negro Leader Of another day, when the people of this Country fought for freedom and progress So that all men might be free. Today we raise this same cry because We realize that the fate of the Negro People is irrevocably linked with the Fight of all men to maintain their freedom. Reaction is at work to divide Negro and White, Jew and Gentile, Catholic and Protestant Reaction is at work to stop the forward Progress of Civilization. Our task today is to forge an unbreakable Unity of all Patriotic Forces to Defeat and to Remove from the face Of the earth the menace of Fascism ..Call.. On every battle front, and on the high seas, Negro youth are engaged in the People’s Fight for Freedom. They fight against Hitler and the Axis; they fight together with soldiers of all the United Nations-The United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China-for a world in which the realization of the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms becomes a reality for all peoples. THE DEEDS OF NEGRO SERVICEMEN AND WOMEN ARE A TRIBUTE TO THE PATRIOTISM OF YOUNG NEGRO AMERICANS EVERYWHERE IN WHOSE MINDS AND HEARTS ONE THOUGHT DOMINATES-THE FIGHT FOR VICTORY AGAINST HITLERISM IN ALL OF ITS FORMS. But Negro youth are still discriminated against in our armed forces. Negro solders are still refused transportation on public conveyances in the South. Negro women are still barred from the WAVES and SPARS. Negro nurses and doctors are still not utilized when their services are so urgently needed. Negro officers are still not trained to any degree that they are needed and are not fully utilized for combat duty. THESE PRACTICES ARE UN-AMERICAN AND PLAY INTO THE HANDS OF HITLER, HIROHITO AND MUSSOLINI. VICTORY DEMANDS THE COMPLETE UTILIZATION OF THE TALENTS, ENERGIES AND SERVICES OF NEGRO YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN, VICTORY DEMANDS THE TOTAL USE OF ALL OUR MILITARY STRENGTH AGAINST THE HEART OF THE AXIS, NOW! JIM CROW IN THE ARMY MUST GO! It can go in the spirit of the mixed ship’s crew of gunners, etc., of the Liberty Ship, the Booker T. Washington, headed by the skipper, Capt. Hugh Mulzac. It can and must go, because America needs as a military necessity, the full utilization of the powerful striking arm of Negro Americans. In recognition of the contributions of NEGRO SERVICEMEN IN OUR COUNTRY’S WAR AGAINST FASCISM – AND IN RECOGNITION OF OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO REMOVE THE REMAINING BARRIERS TO OUR COUNTRY’S MORALE AND EFFICIENCY.... WE CALL UPON ALL COMMUNITY GROUPS, CHURCHES, TRADE UNIONS AND INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS TO JOIN US IN PAYING TRIBUTE TO OUR NEGRO SERVICEMEN.... TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN COMMITTEE https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/0ed49fcb8c8ee01b627b73cde9b07f30.jpg 60e23d95860aa8592b3a97630c29451e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO YOUTH Honorary Chairman .................... Dorothy Height Chairman .......................... Winifred Norman Vice Chairmen ........................ Roberta Garnett Sherman Smith Secretary ................. Carnella Jamison Treasurer ..................... Bobbye Madden Administrative Secretary ................ Ruth Jett NEW YORK STATE CONFERENCE OF NEGRO YOUTH Chairman .................... Charles L. Kellar, Brooklyn Vice Chairmen ....................... Warren Brown, Buffalo Alease Ebo, Utica Ruth Jett, New York Corresponding Secretary ......... Winifred Jessamy, Brooklyn Field Secretary .............. Clarice Givens, Buffalo Treasurer .................. Emory Cain, Brooklyn Administrative Secretary ............... Elsie Jackson, New York COMMITTEE FOR TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN Chairmen ............................ Victoria H. Best Secretary ....................... Lydia Moss Treasurer ................... Bobye Madden JOURNAL COMMITTEE MARCUS CAINS – WALTER BRAXTON THE NEGRO LABOR VICTORY COMMITTEE JOINS WITH The National Council of Negro Youth and The N.Y. State Conference of Negro Youth IN PAYING Tribute to Negro Servicemen and to REAFFIRM OUR PLEDGE TO ERASE ALL BARRIERS WHICH HINDER THE FULLEST WAR EFFORT We Will Carry Out The Program Of THE NEGRO FREEDOM RALLY https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a43377c308ce933b713081f72744f264.jpg 053b160b274974f01a1d783f1704d239 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A SPECIAL TRIBUTE – To the Negro Members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade who died on the battlefields of Spain in the fight against Fascism. The Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade 100 Fifth Avenue New York City Compliments of SAVON CLOTHES 243 WEST 125TH STREET NEW YORK CITY Best Wishes Carlton Avenue Branch YMCA 405 Carlton Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Herbert T. Miller Executive Secretary Greeting from THE “Y” THINKERS For Reservations AU 3-8111 Elks Rendezvou Harlems Finest Worlds Most Modern Beautiful CABARET Featuring 3 Fast Stepping Hilarious Floor Shows Nitely That is Making Harlem History Cor. 133rd ST. and LENOX AVE. Never a Cover Charge J.J. BARONE, Pres JOHN T. VIDAL Fine Furs 231 West 29th Street Greetings from NEW DANCE GROUP 17 West 24th Street New York City CH 2-9291 Compliments of THE WITOKA CLUB Where Each Affair is a Souvenir Thru the Years TWO TWENTY-TWO WEST 145TH ST. The Better Ballroom of Harlem https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/500c5124a5429d25b6576d92773c1ba5.jpg e46eecfffcd46197cb2250af1aa7523a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ..Program.. 1. Invocation 2. Introduction ...................... VICTORIA BEST 3. Monologue .......................... FRED CARTER 4. Speakers ............................. DR. CHANNING TOBIAS ASSEMBLYMAN HULAN JACK REV A. CLAYTON POWELL MR. LIU LIANG MO Guest Artists DUKE ELLINGTON FATS WALLER KENNETH SPENCER ROSETTA LA NOIR JOSH WHITE ELSIE KENNEDY MARION BURTON CANADA LEE WARDELL SAUNDERS ROBERT DORSEY ALMA FORREST FRED CARTER AMERICAN PEOPLES’ CHORUS COAST GUARD QUARTETTE Skits by LANGSTON HUGHES Directed by POWELL LINDSAY HENRI CHRISTOPHE School of Languages 200 West 135th Street New York Edgecombe 4-5120 Compliments of WIEGAND PHARMACY 1661 Amsterdam Avenue Edgecombe 4-5120 Greetings Crystal Inn, Inc. 1697-1701 AMSTERDAM AVE. Cor. 144th St. New York Harry H. Morris, Pres. Compliments of DOOLEY WILSON “As Time Goes By” Compliments of MARVIN CASSELLE Wines and Liquors 213 West 125th Street New York City Let’s Get Acquainted RENAISSANCE THEATRE 2349 Seventh Avenue New York City The Management Compliments of JIMMIE’S Hairdressing Salon https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/4160fd2d9d6f417eaa50e82aa1c1b6e3.jpg ea83346695933b9dd522300e83aae429 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Greetings from YOUNG COMMUNIST LEAGUE, U.S.A. NEW YORK STATE YOUNG COMMUNIST LEAGUE to the TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN Help defeat Nazism – Fascism by ending Jim-Crow in the armed forces Greetings from Hostess Supervisory Committee Harlem Defense Recreation Center Compliments of INEZ “Pat” PATTERSON Compliments of SUGAR HILL RESTAURANT 1732 Amsterdam Avenue Bet. 145th and 146th Sts. Compliments of Kenneth MacPHERSON The Brooklyn National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Compliments of ETA CHAPTER Alpha Phi Alpha Compliments of SUBBEAL Compliments of The Air-Conditioned WASHINGTON THEATER Amsterdamn Ave. and 149th St. New York City Always a Good Show Compliments of ROLFE DANIELS Funeral Home 720 St. Nicholas Avenue Fusco and Naclarvio, Props. Compliments of Mr. and Mrs. PARNELL DRAYTON HOSTESS COMMITTEE Ashland Place Y.W.C.A. Brooklyn, N.Y HENRY DOERR Choice Meats and Seafood 1660 Amsterdam Avenue Bet. 142nd and 143rd Sts. ED 4-7073 Covan’s Renny Bar & Grill Wine and Dine 2353 Seventh Avenue New York City Geo. Farrel, Mgr. Compliments of Arberg Stationary & Card Shop 1773 Amsterdam Avenue At 148th St. New York Greetings See TAYLOR For the Best Coffee & Sandwiches 701 St. Nicholas Avenue Best Wishes GENSUP STATIONARY CO. 41 East 14th Street New York City Gramercy 7-7211-2 Compliments of Mr. and Mrs. FRANK MONTERO https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/37f44d3104440e76be574ccadbd048aa.jpg 08bbfedceb4a6cc9d0b27c7d2f0825d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Compliments of MR. RUFUS N. WILKINSON National Employers Union 1518 Fulton Street Brooklyn, N.Y. PR 3-8401 L.S. GONZALEZ CO. Jewelers and Watchmakers 429 Lenox Avenue Bet. 131st and 132nd St. New York City Compliments of Mildred and Ruth Gottdank Compliments of GUS PHILLIPS Pawn Broker 1748 Amsterdam Avenue Bet 146th and 147th Sts. N.Y. Greetings K. WONG CHOW LOW Chinese Restaurant 2341 Seventh Avenue Cor. 137th St. New York Heightstown Wine & Liquore Store 1731 Amsterdam Avenue AU 3-3020 Compliments of L. McDONALD CHANEY, M.D. AU 3-3266 Arthur’s Bar & Grill Inc. Fine Foods, Wines, Liquors 2481 EIGHTH AVE. Corner 133rd Street FRANK BOOTH, Mgr. Jimmie Daniels, Inc. Food, Wine, Liquors 114 WEST 116TH STREET Norvell Johnson, Mgr. Enjoy Both of these Fine Places AU 3-3266 LOWENSTEIN’S PHARMACY 2299 Seventh Avenue Cor. 135th St. New York Compliments of Pvt. and Mrs. HENRY R. JACKSON Judge and Mrs. MURRAY HEARN Compliments of WILLIAM BOCKER Luncheonette 2308 Seventh Avenue ABOLISH THE POLL TAX WRITE YOUR SENATORS TODAY BUY WAR BONDS Compliments of BRUGEMANS Confectioners Brooklyn, N.Y. Compliments of DONALD K. TAYLOR Pharmacist 373 Lewis Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Greetings THOMAS R. BOWAN 425 Lewis Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Compliments of WILLIAM T. OWENS Greetings from Joint Board Fur Dressers and Dyers Union Local 48, 61, 80, 85, and 88 INTERNATIONAL FUR AND LEATHER WORKERS UNION OF U.S. AND CANADA, C.I.O. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/26236756b7c50aa05de99ece447048b3.jpg 1e2f672ff4a2c814521785ff1df37247 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ..SPONSORS.. CLIFFORD ALEXANDER BERYLE BANFIELD MARCUS CAINES CHARLES A. COLLINS HENRY K. CRAFT THELMA DALE HON. HUBERT DELANEY DR. HAROLD EDGEHILL DUKE ELLINGTON MRS. DOROTHY K. FUNN JOHN GOODMAN MRS. EDMONIA GRANT LILLIAN HELLMAN VEVERA JOHNSON CARRIE JOHNSON CLAUDIA JONES KENNETH MacPHERSON HON. VITO MARCANTONIO MRS. ALTONEL MATTHEWS DR. LAWRENCE W. MOTTLEY INEZ PATTERSON CYRIL PHILIP REGINALD PIERREPOINTE DR. CYRIL OLLIVIERE ATTORNEY HOPE R. STEVENS EDWARD E. STRONG M. MORAN WESTON ..BOOSTERS.. ANGELA ABRUZZO MILTON ALLENSON MARGUERITE BENNETT LILLIAN BERLINER LLOYD BEST BEATRICE BERMAN MARY L. BRIDGES JOSEPH CAREY MR. and MRS. ISAAC CASTER ALVIN J. CHAPEAU EMMA COOK JAMES G. CUMMINGS ALICE M. DRISCOLL LEON J. DUFOUR RAY DONNELLY MARIE A. EDWARDS RUTH FARBER BERNARD M. FARLEY JOSEPH FORD ROSE FOY LILLIAN GOLDBERG CHARLOTTE HANSON CATHERINE M. HICKEY JAMES R. HILAND MRS. SUSIE B. HOLMES WILLIAM HURST, JR. ATTORNEY HARRISON JACKSON MIRIAM JACOBSON EDWARD H. KASE MAY C. KEHOE JOSEPH A.D. PEREZ MR. and MRS. BRUCE QUANDER WILLIAM H. ROARK IRVING RONIN PAULINE R. SEIDLER LORETTA A. THOMPSON DR. ROBERT S. WHITE LILLIAN ZIPPER https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/6a48b435620bf51297d5c9d35ad5e60a.jpg ae610ca624c39b3c4fbc337912ad3062 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ..AUTOGRAPHS.. We salute our valiant Negro Soldiers. We pledge to help the fight on the battlefield by fighting for the fullest kind of Democracy on the Home Front. F. McCONNEY, President WILLIAM PEASE, Vice-President JOHN GOODMAN, Secretary-Treasurer Hotel Front Service Employees Union Local 144, A.F. of L. 165 WEST 46th STREET NEW YORK CITY https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/38dfeb139768730041ce4a00832debcd.jpg 950fc5568c18ab08b7be56a17c4d076e Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Army Navy Marine Coast Guard Merchant Marine Tribute to Negro Servicemen Renaissance Ballroom Sunday June 27, 1943 “MEN OF COLOR TO ARMS” – Frederick Douglass Was the cry of a famous Negro Leader Of another day, when the people of this Country fought for freedom and progress So that all men might be free. Today we raise this same cry because We realize that the fate of the Negro People is irrevocably linked with the Fight of all men to maintain their freedom. Reaction is at work to divide Negro and White, Jew and Gentile, Catholic and Protestant Reaction is at work to stop the forward Progress of Civilization. Our task today is to forge an unbreakable Unity of all Patriotic Forces to Defeat and to Remove from the face Of the earth the menace of Fascism ..Call.. On every battle front, and on the high seas, Negro youth are engaged in the People’s Fight for Freedom. They fight against Hitler and the Axis; they fight together with soldiers of all the United Nations-The United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China-for a world in which the realization of the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms becomes a reality for all peoples. THE DEEDS OF NEGRO SERVICEMEN AND WOMEN ARE A TRIBUTE TO THE PATRIOTISM OF YOUNG NEGRO AMERICANS EVERYWHERE IN WHOSE MINDS AND HEARTS ONE THOUGHT DOMINATES-THE FIGHT FOR VICTORY AGAINST HITLERISM IN ALL OF ITS FORMS. But Negro youth are still discriminated against in our armed forces. Negro solders are still refused transportation on public conveyances in the South. Negro women are still barred from the WAVES and SPARS. Negro nurses and doctors are still not utilized when their services are so urgently needed. Negro officers are still not trained to any degree that they are needed and are not fully utilized for combat duty. THESE PRACTICES ARE UN-AMERICAN AND PLAY INTO THE HANDS OF HITLER, HIROHITO AND MUSSOLINI. VICTORY DEMANDS THE COMPLETE UTILIZATION OF THE TALENTS, ENERGIES AND SERVICES OF NEGRO YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN, VICTORY DEMANDS THE TOTAL USE OF ALL OUR MILITARY STRENGTH AGAINST THE HEART OF THE AXIS, NOW! JIM CROW IN THE ARMY MUST GO! It can go in the spirit of the mixed ship’s crew of gunners, etc., of the Liberty Ship, the Booker T. Washington, headed by the skipper, Capt. Hugh Mulzac. It can and must go, because America needs as a military necessity, the full utilization of the powerful striking arm of Negro Americans. In recognition of the contributions of NEGRO SERVICEMEN IN OUR COUNTRY’S WAR AGAINST FASCISM – AND IN RECOGNITION OF OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO REMOVE THE REMAINING BARRIERS TO OUR COUNTRY’S MORALE AND EFFICIENCY.... WE CALL UPON ALL COMMUNITY GROUPS, CHURCHES, TRADE UNIONS AND INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS TO JOIN US IN PAYING TRIBUTE TO OUR NEGRO SERVICEMEN.... TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN COMMITTEE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO YOUTH Honorary Chairman .................... Dorothy Height Chairman .......................... Winifred Norman Vice Chairmen ........................ Roberta Garnett Sherman Smith Secretary ................. Carnella Jamison Treasurer ..................... Bobbye Madden Administrative Secretary ................ Ruth Jett NEW YORK STATE CONFERENCE OF NEGRO YOUTH Chairman .................... Charles L. Kellar, Brooklyn Vice Chairmen ....................... Warren Brown, Buffalo Alease Ebo, Utica Ruth Jett, New York Corresponding Secretary ......... Winifred Jessamy, Brooklyn Field Secretary .............. Clarice Givens, Buffalo Treasurer .................. Emory Cain, Brooklyn Administrative Secretary ............... Elsie Jackson, New York COMMITTEE FOR TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN Chairmen ............................ Victoria H. Best Secretary ....................... Lydia Moss Treasurer ................... Bobye Madden JOURNAL COMMITTEE MARCUS CAINS – WALTER BRAXTON THE NEGRO LABOR VICTORY COMMITTEE JOINS WITH The National Council of Negro Youth and The N.Y. State Conference of Negro Youth IN PAYING Tribute to Negro Servicemen and to REAFFIRM OUR PLEDGE TO ERASE ALL BARRIERS WHICH HINDER THE FULLEST WAR EFFORT We Will Carry Out The Program Of THE NEGRO FREEDOM RALLY A SPECIAL TRIBUTE – To the Negro Members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade who died on the battlefields of Spain in the fight against Fascism. The Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade 100 Fifth Avenue New York City Compliments of SAVON CLOTHES 243 WEST 125TH STREET NEW YORK CITY Best Wishes Carlton Avenue Branch YMCA 405 Carlton Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Herbert T. Miller Executive Secretary Greeting from THE “Y” THINKERS For Reservations AU 3-8111 Elks Rendezvou Harlems Finest Worlds Most Modern Beautiful CABARET Featuring 3 Fast Stepping Hilarious Floor Shows Nitely That is Making Harlem History Cor. 133rd ST. and LENOX AVE. Never a Cover Charge J.J. BARONE, Pres JOHN T. VIDAL Fine Furs 231 West 29th Street Greetings from NEW DANCE GROUP 17 West 24th Street New York City CH 2-9291 Compliments of THE WITOKA CLUB Where Each Affair is a Souvenir Thru the Years TWO TWENTY-TWO WEST 145TH ST. The Better Ballroom of Harlem..Program.. 1. Invocation 2. Introduction ...................... VICTORIA BEST 3. Monologue .......................... FRED CARTER 4. Speakers ............................. DR. CHANNING TOBIAS ASSEMBLYMAN HULAN JACK REV A. CLAYTON POWELL MR. LIU LIANG MO Guest Artists DUKE ELLINGTON FATS WALLER KENNETH SPENCER ROSETTA LA NOIR JOSH WHITE ELSIE KENNEDY MARION BURTON CANADA LEE WARDELL SAUNDERS ROBERT DORSEY ALMA FORREST FRED CARTER AMERICAN PEOPLES’ CHORUS COAST GUARD QUARTETTE Skits by LANGSTON HUGHES Directed by POWELL LINDSAY HENRI CHRISTOPHE School of Languages 200 West 135th Street New York Edgecombe 4-5120 Compliments of WIEGAND PHARMACY 1661 Amsterdam Avenue Edgecombe 4-5120 Greetings Crystal Inn, Inc. 1697-1701 AMSTERDAM AVE. Cor. 144th St. New York Harry H. Morris, Pres. Compliments of DOOLEY WILSON “As Time Goes By” Compliments of MARVIN CASSELLE Wines and Liquors 213 West 125th Street New York City Let’s Get Acquainted RENAISSANCE THEATRE 2349 Seventh Avenue New York City The Management Compliments of JIMMIE’S Hairdressing Salon Greetings from YOUNG COMMUNIST LEAGUE, U.S.A. NEW YORK STATE YOUNG COMMUNIST LEAGUE to the TRIBUTE TO NEGRO SERVICEMEN Help defeat Nazism – Fascism by ending Jim-Crow in the armed forces Greetings from Hostess Supervisory Committee Harlem Defense Recreation Center Compliments of INEZ “Pat” PATTERSON Compliments of SUGAR HILL RESTAURANT 1732 Amsterdam Avenue Bet. 145th and 146th Sts. Compliments of Kenneth MacPHERSON The Brooklyn National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Compliments of ETA CHAPTER Alpha Phi Alpha Compliments of SUBBEAL Compliments of The Air-Conditioned WASHINGTON THEATER Amsterdamn Ave. and 149th St. New York City Always a Good Show Compliments of ROLFE DANIELS Funeral Home 720 St. Nicholas Avenue Fusco and Naclarvio, Props. Compliments of Mr. and Mrs. PARNELL DRAYTON HOSTESS COMMITTEE Ashland Place Y.W.C.A. Brooklyn, N.Y HENRY DOERR Choice Meats and Seafood 1660 Amsterdam Avenue Bet. 142nd and 143rd Sts. ED 4-7073 Covan’s Renny Bar & Grill Wine and Dine 2353 Seventh Avenue New York City Geo. Farrel, Mgr. Compliments of Arberg Stationary & Card Shop 1773 Amsterdam Avenue At 148th St. New York Greetings See TAYLOR For the Best Coffee & Sandwiches 701 St. Nicholas Avenue Best Wishes GENSUP STATIONARY CO. 41 East 14th Street New York City Gramercy 7-7211-2 Compliments of Mr. and Mrs. FRANK MONTERO Compliments of MR. RUFUS N. WILKINSON National Employers Union 1518 Fulton Street Brooklyn, N.Y. PR 3-8401 L.S. GONZALEZ CO. Jewelers and Watchmakers 429 Lenox Avenue Bet. 131st and 132nd St. New York City Compliments of Mildred and Ruth Gottdank Compliments of GUS PHILLIPS Pawn Broker 1748 Amsterdam Avenue Bet 146th and 147th Sts. N.Y. Greetings K. WONG CHOW LOW Chinese Restaurant 2341 Seventh Avenue Cor. 137th St. New York Heightstown Wine & Liquore Store 1731 Amsterdam Avenue AU 3-3020 Compliments of L. McDONALD CHANEY, M.D. AU 3-3266 Arthur’s Bar & Grill Inc. Fine Foods, Wines, Liquors 2481 EIGHTH AVE. Corner 133rd Street FRANK BOOTH, Mgr. Jimmie Daniels, Inc. Food, Wine, Liquors 114 WEST 116TH STREET Norvell Johnson, Mgr. Enjoy Both of these Fine Places AU 3-3266 LOWENSTEIN’S PHARMACY 2299 Seventh Avenue Cor. 135th St. New York Compliments of Pvt. and Mrs. HENRY R. JACKSON Judge and Mrs. MURRAY HEARN Compliments of WILLIAM BOCKER Luncheonette 2308 Seventh Avenue ABOLISH THE POLL TAX WRITE YOUR SENATORS TODAY BUY WAR BONDS Compliments of BRUGEMANS Confectioners Brooklyn, N.Y. Compliments of DONALD K. TAYLOR Pharmacist 373 Lewis Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Greetings THOMAS R. BOWAN 425 Lewis Avenue Brooklyn, N.Y. Compliments of WILLIAM T. OWENS Greetings from Joint Board Fur Dressers and Dyers Union Local 48, 61, 80, 85, and 88 INTERNATIONAL FUR AND LEATHER WORKERS UNION OF U.S. AND CANADA, C.I.O. ..SPONSORS.. CLIFFORD ALEXANDER BERYLE BANFIELD MARCUS CAINES CHARLES A. COLLINS HENRY K. CRAFT THELMA DALE HON. HUBERT DELANEY DR. HAROLD EDGEHILL DUKE ELLINGTON MRS. DOROTHY K. FUNN JOHN GOODMAN MRS. EDMONIA GRANT LILLIAN HELLMAN VEVERA JOHNSON CARRIE JOHNSON CLAUDIA JONES KENNETH MacPHERSON HON. VITO MARCANTONIO MRS. ALTONEL MATTHEWS DR. LAWRENCE W. MOTTLEY INEZ PATTERSON CYRIL PHILIP REGINALD PIERREPOINTE DR. CYRIL OLLIVIERE ATTORNEY HOPE R. STEVENS EDWARD E. STRONG M. MORAN WESTON ..BOOSTERS.. ANGELA ABRUZZO MILTON ALLENSON MARGUERITE BENNETT LILLIAN BERLINER LLOYD BEST BEATRICE BERMAN MARY L. BRIDGES JOSEPH CAREY MR. and MRS. ISAAC CASTER ALVIN J. CHAPEAU EMMA COOK JAMES G. CUMMINGS ALICE M. DRISCOLL LEON J. DUFOUR RAY DONNELLY MARIE A. EDWARDS RUTH FARBER BERNARD M. FARLEY JOSEPH FORD ROSE FOY LILLIAN GOLDBERG CHARLOTTE HANSON CATHERINE M. HICKEY JAMES R. HILAND MRS. SUSIE B. HOLMES WILLIAM HURST, JR. ATTORNEY HARRISON JACKSON MIRIAM JACOBSON EDWARD H. KASE MAY C. KEHOE JOSEPH A.D. PEREZ MR. and MRS. BRUCE QUANDER WILLIAM H. ROARK IRVING RONIN PAULINE R. SEIDLER LORETTA A. THOMPSON DR. ROBERT S. WHITE LILLIAN ZIPPER ..AUTOGRAPHS.. We salute our valiant Negro Soldiers. We pledge to help the fight on the battlefield by fighting for the fullest kind of Democracy on the Home Front. F. McCONNEY, President WILLIAM PEASE, Vice-President JOHN GOODMAN, Secretary-Treasurer Hotel Front Service Employees Union Local 144, A.F. of L. 165 WEST 46th STREET NEW YORK CITY Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Tribute to Negro Servicemen" Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; Discrimination in the military; United States--Armed Forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Negro Labor Victory Committee National Council of Negro Youth N.Y. State Conference of Negro Youth Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 June 27 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Souvenir programs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0017_001.doc auc.146.0017_002.doc auc.146.0017_003.doc auc.146.0017_004.doc auc.146.0017_005.doc auc.146.0017_006.doc auc.146.0017_007.doc auc.146.0017_008.doc auc.146.0017_009.doc auc.146.0017_0010.doc auc.146.0017_0011.doc Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. New York (N.Y.) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. June 1943 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/ac1a3df23f7ac30c915ce8f5d23dc780.jpg 8a4e02ad594713a07c6e4c2be8554117 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article, "Negroes at War" with image of African American soldiers in a military tank with the caption, "Tank manned by three Negro Noncoms and technician-gunner maneuvers under sunny Louisiana skies. They belong to 758th (GHQ) Tank Battalion." https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/959caea937999207b7b12fe87645c22e.jpg f9454eecea06f7049b884e3d6c3fd8bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A group of African American color guard members walk through the snow holding rifles and flags. Image caption: A CRACK NEGRO REGIMENT, commanded by Negro officers, is Harlem's 369th whose color guard is shown at winter quarters in upstate New York. In World War I the 369th was part of General Henri Gouraud's Fourth French Army. It was 191 days under fire, never gave a foot of ground, never lost a prisoner, was the first Allied regiment to reach the Rhine. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a8cec25f1ee48ea17e65ec1bd8c157df.jpg 9c748d64cb1f18ab84d0840167fbf3b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article images: (top) cavalry soldiers riding horses over a hill, image caption: Negro cavalry troop raises a cloud of dust as it rides down a hill near Fort Riley. Negro cavalry has been a part of regular army since Civil War; (bottom left) image of African American blacksmith fitting a horseshoe on a horse, image caption: A troop blacksmith shoes a 10th Cavalry mount. Negro soldiers get along with horses, who draw no color line; (bottom center) African American soldier on horseback surrounded by dogs, another soldier on horseback stays in the background, image caption: Sgt. Will Black of the 10th Cavalry dons a green coat on Sunday afternoons and acts as whipper in cavalry school hunt; (bottom right) a man and woman are seated in front of a staircase petting a dog while two children stand on the staircase behind them, smiling for the camera, image caption: NEGRO NONCOMS with families, like Master Sgt. Pentecost Daniel of 9th Cavalry, have own homes at Fort Riley. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/f6fe3a8f95126368154b75cd2f90908c.jpg 459714956c9908f4d934e6e77c799931 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article images: (top left) image caption: Four Nashville boys with "Avenge Pearl Harbor" armbands joined up when Navy dropped anti-Negro ban. Previously Negroes could only serve as mess attendants; (top right) image caption: Trench-digging class of 388th Engineers at Camp Claiborne, La. raises shovels for counting. Army has put many Negroes in engineer units, teaches them to build railroads, barracks, bridges; (bottom right) image caption: Sgt. Leslie Lewis of 758th Tank Battalion at Claiborne shows how he would go into action with tommy gun if intercepted by enemy. He also has a revolver. He carries messages to tank commanders; (bottom left) image caption: First Negro Marine recruit in Nashville, George Thompson, dogcatcher, is sworn in. Said George: "Those Japs are just like the mongrels I been picking up." https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a5f631ff1c04fd21ceb1a3465cc555c1.jpg febe2e3db18c22486b4dd349b24aff15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) USO at Alexandria, La. has two clubhouses - one for white, one for Negro troops. They are alike in every detail. This one has a dance floor, game room, bar where townspeople serve drinks and food; (top right) Cavalry boots thump the floor hard at Friday night dance in Fort Riley USO clubhouse. There is about one girl to every ten soldiers, creating a real rationing problem; (bottom left) Sunday morning services for cavalry regiments at Fort Riley are featured by earnest praying and singing. Many of these boys are sharecroppers' sons. Here the choir sings, Lord, I am Troubled; (bottom right) Sgt. Joseph Caliban, trumpeter of the 367th Infantry Band, has gained 160 lb. on Army food in 16 years, now weighs 325. Here he sings Ants in Your Pants to officers. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/e138fca79497515230bfe57d14feb220.jpg 16f9a283640fdbe23c8f4efdcff3aad8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) Aircraft worker Mel Nickerson shows work to Col. Robert Ginsburgh at Lockheed-Vega plant, Burbank, Calif. Lockheed was first big aircraft firm to hire many Negroes; (top right) North American Aviation's J.H. Kindelberger chats with two of his 600-odd Negro employes. Kindelberger once said he would hire Negroes only as janitors, has since changed his mind; (bottom left) Plate bender at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Va. must have a high degree of skill. Navy yards have upped Negro workers over 100% in last year, now employ 16,000; (bottom right) Tallyman Moses Baker weighs boxes of finished shells at Winchester Repeating Arms plant. He once served 5 years in the Navy, tried to re-enlist a day after Pearl Harbor. He earns $42 a week. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/ad63a9d87b64e0d775f9a01c7103c41b.jpg 86e020e2b194cdfd87a527ceb8a4e9b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: A Negro-owned and operated war factory is Pacific Parachute Co. in San Diego, which makes parachutes for Army and Navy flares. Owner is Eddie Anderson, "Rochester" of Jack Benny's program (center right). Manager is Skipper Smith (left) who has made 254 parachute jumps. Workers are white, Mexican and Negro girls, working side by side. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/99f89a4fc8c10201af532f4cd6d43c0b.jpg bd5cadd977feaa578492362dea65f96e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: Seventy-five first-aid classes are held in Harlem schools, churches, apartment houses, stores and theaters. Department-store clerks and movie ushers have been taught how to take care of air-raid victims. Some Harlem doctors and nurses have been giving first-aid courses seven nights a week since Pearl Harbor. Here a class practices artificial respiration. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/46d19302bd30cd3f809c1049bd8a6869.jpg e4cffeb65d6e89bcb3519658745c7539 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) Eye "victim" is bandaged by Harlem first aider; (right) Police captain Walter Harding of the 28th New York City precinct directs civilian defense work in lower west side Harlem. Here he gives orders to 500 air-raid wardens. At this meeting wardens set up make-believe disaster organization on a theater platform (below) and practiced what they would do if a Nazi plane landed on a Harlem street.; (bottom left) Harlem member of American Women's Voluntary Services, Mrs. S.H. Craig, starts a sweater for city health service. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/262dd0b8015245198901becddade113e.jpg 82865a36faaed85e8a84c1560951a38b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top) Social center and defense post as well as this zone headquarters for Harlem air-raid wardens. Male wardens gather here to play cards, read papers, listen to radio. Lady wardens cook snacks on a small stove, keep the floor clean.; (bottom) In sober-faced pairs, dawn patrol sets forth on its Harlem rounds. Sometimes leader is a barber, sometimes a city tax inspector or an unemployed waiter. Regular members include laborers, housemaids, postal clerks. Women members make their own uniforms from old khaki pants, embroidered with C.D.C. (Civilian Defense Corps) in red, white and blue. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/656dd71c25a493dc08c432f973eb6714.jpg ff9adde078096542619608d05071e287 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: sunrise finds Harlem dawn patrol dousing a roof-top incendiary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Negroes at War All they want now is a fair chance to fight The picture above of an all-Negro crew in a fast new 13-ton U.S. Army tank will probably be a surprise to many U.S. citizens. But this summer it could be duplicated hundreds of times at training camps throughout the country. By next spring it could be duplicated several thousand times. The U.S. Army is getting rid of its old prejudices against the Negro and is putting him where he will do the most good – in the front ranks of its fighting men. At Camp Claiborne, La., where this picture was taken, the white colonel commanding a Negro outfit told LIFE Photographer K. Chester: “I’m a cotton-patch Southerner myself, and I don’t call these boys niggers. I call them American soldiers and damned good ones!” This is bad news for the propagandists of Germany and Japan, who have long nursed a delusion that the 13,000,000 U.S. Negroes were ripe for rebellion and would surely refuse to fight. It is perfectly true that U.S. Negroes have never had a square deal from the U.S. white majority, but they know their lot could be far worse under the racial fanatics of the Axis. Now, when their country needs them, they are glad to work and fight and die alongside their white fellow-citizens. That is the spirit which will some day wipe every trace of racial bigotry off the map of America. Negro troops have a fighting tradition Negro soldiers have fought under all the great generals, in all the great wars and in most of the famous battles of U.S. history. And they have fought well. A Negro, Crispus Attucks, was the first American to fall under British fire in the Boston Massacre of 1770. Negroes fought beside the Minute Men at Bunker Hill and the Continentals at Red Bank, N.J., where George Washington himself singled them out for praise. When Andrew Jackson stopped the British invaders at New Orleans in 1815, a battalion of “free men of color” formed part of his front line. In the Civil War, 161 regiments of Negro troops turned the tide for the North; without their help, said president Lincoln, “neither the present nor any coming administration can save the Union.” In the State of Mississippi alone more Negro soldiers enlisted to fight for the Union than white men did for the Confederacy. Negro cavalrymen like those above chased Indians in the West and rescued the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill. In World War I, more than 200,000 Negro troops went to France. One of them, Private Henry Johnson, an ex-red cap from Albany, got into a battle with 24 Germans in a no-man’s-land outpost. He killed four of them with bullets, rifle butt and bolo knife, probably killed a fifth with grenades, wounded and drove off all the others. The French called this “The Battle of Henry Johnson.” This proud record has already been extended in World War II. At Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, a Negro messman, Dorie Miller, dashed to the bridge of his ship, helped carry his mortally wounded captain to a place of greater safety and manned a machine gun until ordered below. He has just been awarded a Navy Cross. In the Philippines the first man of the armored forces to fall in action was Private Robert Brooks, son of a Negro sharecropper of Sadieville, Ky. Today the main parade ground at Fort Knox, headquarters for the U.S. armored forces, is named Brooks Field in his honor. They thrive on Army work, food and fun For the average Negro volunteer or draftee, Army life is no hardship. He is used to hard physical work, which is nine-tenths of a soldier’s routine. He wants to learn about machinery and motors, and the Army gives him a chance. He likes the feel of a weapon in his hands, and thoroughly enjoys bayonet practice. The food is better than he generally gets at home. The base pay of an Army private ($21 a month, soon to be raised to $46 or more) does not look too meager. His living quarters, food, pay, furloughs, opportunities for recreation are equal to that received by white soldiers. There has been a decided increase in the number of Negroes attending officer-candidate schools. Except in the Air Corps, they are being trained in the same classes with whites. Disturbances growing out of race relations in the Army have been few and widely scattered. One such disturbance at Alexandria, La., in January 1942, started when a Negro soldier resisted arrest by a white policeman. A crowd gathered and civilian policemen and one military policeman indulged in indiscriminate and unnecessary shooting. Twenty-nine Negro soldiers were injured, one of them critically. (Rumors that four or more were killed were denied by the Army.) The sensational Negro press has done its best to magnify affairs such as this into “race riots,” but there is every indication that cooperation and friendly feeling between the races is today higher than ever in the Army. On June 1, 1942, a long-standing wrong against American Negroes was removed when the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps began taking colored recruits for combat duty (see photos above & below). Harlem buzzes with civilian defense tasks Probably there is no place in the nation where civil defense is now a more burning topic than in Harlem, largest Negro community in the world. There are 300,000 Negroes in Harlem and at least a quarter of them are doing some kind of war work. About 15,000 are enrolled as air-raid wardens. Countless Harlem women are learning first aid, knitting sweaters, serving in canteens, studying internal combustion engines. Even the angels of Father Divine are being fingerprinted by Harlem branches of the American Women’s Voluntary Services. Soon after Pearl Harbor some Harlem streetwalkers began enrolling as air-raid wardens and wearing white badges on their arms but the police stopped that. The Citizens of Harlem have real cause for their concern. They live in one of the most overcrowded city areas in the world. There is one Harlem block which has between 3,200 and 3,300 residents. When and if enemy bombs fall in Harlem, the slaughter will be terrific. And volunteers like those pictured on these pages will have to bear the first brunt of such a calamity. Dawn patrol is Harlem’s own war idea Every day at 4 a.m. a procession like the one below winds through the streets of Harlem. This is the “dawn patrol” of Air Raid Protection Zone 2, 28th police precinct, New York City. Wardens of Zone 2 are not satisfied to stand the usual watches in eight-hour shifts. They get together in groups of 30 or 40 before dawn each day and drill until the sun comes up. Around 6 they all have breakfast in their headquarters (left) and the ones who have jobs go off to work. The others go home and sleep. These early morning hours are full of excitement for members of the dawn patrol. First they select an “objective” – a roped-off street or a roof top. Then they sound an imaginary air-raid alarm. Then the imaginary “bombs” begin to fall – on churches, schools and big apartment houses. Casualties are reported, rescues made, fires put out, “broken” water mains repaired – all in vivid make-believe. At the end of a busy hour or two the patrol drafts a written report. Usually these reports are straight factual accounts of work done, but one day last winter an enthusiastic dawn patroller wrote: “The weather was fair and cold to the ladies’ hands and legs, but all was in good spirits as we marched on to the Zone 2 headquarters.” Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negroes at War", Life magazine Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; United States--Armed Forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Time, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1943 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Magazines (periodicals) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0016_001.doc auc.146.0016_002.doc auc.146.0016_003.doc auc.146.0016_004.doc auc.146.0016_005.doc auc.146.0016_006.doc auc.146.0016_007.doc auc.146.0016_008.doc auc.146.0016_009.doc auc.146.0016_0010.doc auc.146.0016_0011.doc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/536630054574fe1a640c585ca31bfb77.jpg 6b94d9cb82abbf0395492e0131efe7cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Why Negroes Should Oppose the War by J.R. Johnson https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/4a4ae766cd4e19ab1be9658305f145c7.jpg 4ad06e60d81ddf703747e81ae3b1c283 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/7ac5c3967692e7714e2e0429f7e2e42c.jpg a55a9500489b5cac8b0973b8df9cd053 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/57c22394925e06ea4dac1a257b7c0956.jpg b1025b2f325d24296fa3ba796a6de00b https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/6693de77755b938f36f22f6871b026b7.jpg 5e055726d1065bf90116698495c93436 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/4c71ae107d460882730ceb1eece43340.jpg 07b9cce8764a8b842c59027df1e7ae8b https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/c926ce1d0dbf799c00f49d70926782b3.jpg 5c43bc6dd809bc3072e0376c74f5df39 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3a27f4831051b92710b7936e767d0c05.jpg a4ca752d2c541ff260c22fee11099082 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/49aea5a18277238cc9c6c62438f56413.jpg f6c9a4016d2c8f7d463bfb06ac19a80e https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3e5ba340adf5b3fc2e05794e86747378.jpg 265ecce734db3ef4b2f2fd12c81c9d54 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/fcfb03102b4e155d7d6c9ed4e995ac8e.jpg b32d15dcee03d6143ec5d562ea6ec44c https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/45ba2781db9c041f05557433427979e5.jpg 3716d2cb2de17d5461710fa50ce84ec7 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/568d28ed6b32f41a2e8f228288c761a6.jpg bdbbcf1993e81459fe58b2bbedcd88c1 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3d83265fe3953ccc1d437e6afcc1949b.jpg 8e87fa559d0f71808c1aadc7e37ceca8 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/d5545850c21a499e3cc718d77314bc26.jpg f328cefafa00ed3ec0d01d86f37920fd https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/1911a6e82ebdf3293e6c6d85732cc5fc.jpg 601cbd67802e0c0e20991b15ac9909f9 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/dbe26c621b8b95d688e1a7a25dcc2c04.jpg 815c7a21b24fe2ca0c114633d1ffd11d Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Why Negroes Should Oppose the War by J.R. Johnson Printed in the United States of America Published by Pioneer Publishers 116 University Place New York, N.Y. For the Socialist Workers Party and the Young People’s Socialist League (Fourth International) Negroes and the War In Europe the war is raging. Like Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt says that he will try to keep America out, but we know that he has been making every preparation to drag America in. This is the situation that faces the American people and the great masses all over the world. The Negroes, here as elsewhere, know that great decisions are being made which will affect their whole future. What are they to do? What does this war mean to Negroes? What must they think about it? Negroes, brothers and sisters, comrades and friends, it is no use merely whispering to one another that it is a white man’s war. The stand you take today will help to decide the fate of the world and your own fate for many years to come. Roosevelt’s war propaganda has been screaming at you and the other workers and farmers of America for the last two years. Now, as the hour comes nearer – your parsons, your Elk leaders, your Republican and Democratic Negro bosses, the university professors, are all going to turn on their loud speakers, wave their flags, and beat their big drums, to bewilder you and drive you into support of this war. But in your hearts, you, the masses of the Negro people, feel that this war is not your war. You feel that once more you, your relatives and your friends all over the world, in America, in Africa and the West Indies, are going to be used and then flung aside. You are right, but only half-right. For this time you will not only be used, but by the support of this war you will be tying a thousand times tighter, the chains which now bind you as the pack-horse, the servant and the slave of capitalist civilization. Why They Don’t Appeal to the Negro In America, in Africa, in the West Indies, over 150 millions of Negroes bear on their bent backs and sweating limbs, a burden greater than that of any people anywhere in the world. If this war is a great war for freedom and a better life, the Negroes should have been addressed before anybody else. They need a better life and freedom more than any other people. But just note how careful everybody has been not to address the Negroes directly on the war question. In all the preparation for the great slaughter, in all the propaganda that pours over us like a flood, there has been a great conspiracy of silence in regard to what part the Negro most play. Republican Party, Democratic Party, Socialist Party, all carefully avoid making direct references to the Negroes and the war. They will talk and write about Negroes and relief, about Negroes and the WPA, about Negroes and the New Deal, about why the Negroes used to vote for the Republican Party and why they now vote for the Democratic Party. The Republican Party appoints a commission to find ways and means to win back the Negro vote. The Communist Party points out why Negroes must hate Japan and Hitler, why the Negroes must vote for the New Deal, why the Negroes must be anti-fascist, why the Negroes must oppose those who attack Jews. But about Negroes and the war, what Negroes must do when the drums begin to beat and the bugles begin to blow, not a direct word all these months. The war-mongers have been trying to smuggle Negroes into war as a section of the American people. They have not dared openly to explain to you why you, as Negroes should take part in the war. They do not dare to start the discussion. They know their arguments would stick in their throats. Today, and still more tomorrow, they will seek to sweep you into the war under cover of the general slogan: Our democracy is in danger. One Party however, the Socialist Workers Party, has no tricks to play on the Negroes or anybody else on this life or death question of imperialist war. Clearly, simply, and without possibility of being misunderstood, we say that this present war, like the last one, is a war that is fought by the muscles and blood and lives of the poor for the pockets and bellies of the rich. The poor have nothing to gain and everything to lose by supporting Roosevelt in a war that will be fought exclusively for the benefit of the rich. And above all, the Negroes, the poorest and most oppressed people in every country where they live, would be the greatest fools to allow themselves to be deceived this time, as they were the last time. We are confident that the great majority of the Negroes who consider this question with the seriousness that it deserves, will come inevitably to the conclusion that they must fight against the war to the bitter end. That is our position. The Socialist Workers Party has nothing to hide from the Negro. It says to him, as it says to the poor everywhere – whites, Negroes in Africa, Indians in India, “Brothers and sisters of whatever color, this war is not our war. We will not support it. We, the workers, the poor farmers in every country, white, black, and brown, are not going to kill one another at the command of Chamberlain, or Hitler – at the orders of Roosevelt or of the Japanese Mikado. We shall fight for a fraternal unity between all the poor in every country against all the rich. That is the war we shall fight. Down with the imperialist war!” Roosevelt Ready for War Before Hitler marched into Poland, a great many people kept hoping against hope that a war would not take place after all. That is merely behaving like the ostrich and pretending that something isn’t there, because with our heads dug into the ground, we cannot see it. Now, today, they keep hoping that America will not go in. They trust Roosevelt when he says he will try to keep America out. These people are blind to the signs of the times. Every move that Roosevelt makes is towards dragging America in. Take the question of armaments. During the last five years, every great country doubled and trebled its armaments. Guns and more guns, battleships, submarines and airplanes; soldiers and more soldiers. Whereas in 1932, Great Britain spent 426 millions of dollars on armaments, in 1938 she spent 1065 millions. Hitler made Germany into one large armament industry. Both armed for the war they knew was coming. But the United States did the same. In 1932 Roosevelt asked Congress for 667 millions of dollars, but in 1938 he asked for and got 1065 millions, nearly twice as much; and in 1939 he got two billions. Why? He and Congress, like the other war-mongers in Europe, know that today no country can attack America. But Roosevelt and the American capitalists are not going to keep out when the other imperialist countries are fighting to divide Asia and Africa and the markets in Latin-America. They have to be there to share in the division. So that when we turn a deaf ear to all Roosevelt’s spectacular appeals for peace, and pay attention, not to what he is saying but to what he is doing, we can see that like the rest he is hiding his actions for war behind a mass of words for peace. Remember that Wilson played the same trick in 1917. Negroes Wanted for Cannon-Fodder Roosevelt is preparing to go in. The dirty bloody work is going to be done, and as usual whenever dirty work has to be done, the Negroes are going to be called upon to do the dirtiest part of it. Whenever blood is to be shed, the rulers of this country see to it that the Negroes shed theirs. That is a privilege and an honor of which they never deprive the Negro. They take away his vote, give him the worst jobs, shove him into the dirtiest slums, kick him out of restaurants, lynch him. But when they want people to die for “democracy,” to dig trenches in France, to build roads, to clean latrines, while enemy bombers rain their bombs then they are sure to come looking for Negroes. There the rulers of this country are perfectly willing to see that Negroes have their full rights. But 1939 is not 1914. Today hundreds of thousands of Negroes are saying to themselves: “Why should I shed my blood for Roosevelt’s America, for Cotton Ed Smith and Senator Bilbo, for the whole Jim Crow, Negro-hating South, for the low-paid, dirty jobs for which Negroes have to fight, for the few dollars of relief and the insults, discrimination, police brutality and perpetual poverty to which Negroes are condemned even in the more liberal North?” When the ordinary working Negro asks this question, what can the war-mongers say to him? Nothing. Nothing but lies and empty promises of better treatment in the future. Let us take, one by one, the arguments put forward by the war-mongers. A Republican like Landon, a Democrat like Roosevelt or Hull tells everybody (including the Negro of course) that the war now being fought in Europe is a war against aggression, a war for “democracy,” for the “preservation of human liberties,” and the like. They say this because, although they are talking about peace, they are really preparing the minds of the workers for war. The average Negro lives the life of an outcast in the North. He has little enough “democracy” there. But go today to Memphis, Houston, Dallas, New Orleans, Jacksonville, Birmingham, Mobile, all the South, where some nine or ten million Negroes life, and tell those Negroes to fight for “democracy.” Such is the “democracy” of the South that in many towns the Negroes wouldn’t be able to sit in the same room with the whites to hear why they should die for “democracy.” There are thousands of hotels in the South where if a Negro dared to show his nose at the front entrance, three janitors would fall on him and throw him out into the gutter, after which the police would beat him up and take him to jail. In many cities, if he went near the polling booth he would risk being beaten up and perhaps shot. He must come out of the rear entrance of a bus in Southern cities, or any white cop nearby might riddle him with bullets. Roosevelt’s Party Rules in the South And it is the Democratic Party, Franklin Roosevelt’s party which controls the state governments in the South. Argue with these Democrats about the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, which “guarantee” the political rights of the Negroes. If you insist you will get fourteen or fifteen bullets. That is the only kind of amendment the Southern Democrats have allowed the Negroes for many years. So that the vast majority of Negroes in the South will tell Roosevelt and Hull, “What is this democracy I am to fight for? Where is it? Since when are Cotton Ed Smith and Senator Bilbo and the Democratic Part of Franklin Roosevelt my good friends? Why must I die for them? I am not afraid to fight. Negroes have been some of the greatest fighters in history. But the democracy that I want to fight for, Hitler is not depriving me of. I know the people who have kept me away from it for seventy-five years by rifles and revolvers, by state law and lynch law! You, Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull and Jack Garner, tell us why we must go and shed our blood for something that we have never had.” “We Americans must fight against aggression,” say Franklin Roosevelt and Cordell Hull, seeking to drive American workers, white and black, into war. No wonder all of these politicians are so scared of raising the question of war directly to the Negroes. Every word they say turns to ashes in their mouths. Let us agree that Negroes must fight against aggression. But who are the aggressors against the Negroes? Hitler? Nonsense. The Southerners of the Democratic Party are the greatest aggressors against the Negroes in American history, and the North is not far behind them. “Oh! but we mean aggression in foreign countries, aggression by Mussolini, Hitler and Japan,” say Roosevelt and Hull. The Negro will immediately reply, “And why if you so hate aggression, didn’t you help Ethiopia?” What these Democrats Did to Ethiopia Ethiopia was the last piece of Africa left free. Mussolini decided that he wanted it. The League of Nations had sworn to defend it. Every Negro with a spark of pride knows what happened, and remembers it with justified bitterness. Not only did they not protect Ethiopia as they had sworn to do, but instead they prevented arms from going to her while they bargained with Mussolini. They stabbed Ethiopia in the back – Britain, France, America, these great “democracies.” (And Stalin, who claims to be a friend of Negroes, sold oil to Italy all through the Italian campaign.) Now Roosevelt comes running, to tell all good Americans (Negroes included of course) that they must fight against aggression. And who is going to do the fighting against this aggression? The workers as always. Roosevelt, Hull and Landon are getting ready to push the workers of America into the war. These are the very men who actively collaborated with Mussolini in destroying the last independent African state. Why Should Negroes Trust These Rulers? Or again a Negro will ask; “Why should I trust you? You who have betrayed the last African State. Am I to go fighting for Poland and to settle a quarrel between Britain and Germany? Have I nothing else to fight for? I am not such a fool as not to know that international affairs are important. If Africans in Africa are fighting for freedom as Ethiopians fought, and are still fighting, I’ll do all I can to help. The Indians are an oppressed people, and when they fight to drive Britain out, I am with them. Negroes went to fight in Spain against Franco. That was a good thing for people to do who for centuries have suffered from oppression. But all imperialists are oppressors. When Czechoslovakia was cut up into pieces, it was fascist Germany, Hungary, and this same Poland that divided it. Then Germany and Poland began fighting over one bone. Britain and France knew that this was only the beginning of a struggle for world wide power. So they came in at once. But tell me, Franklin Roosevelt, and Cordell Hull, why must I, a Negro, follow you into that?” The Biggest lie of All Then will come the last argument. “It is not a question of Germany and Poland and Danzig. But freedom, civilization and liberty are in danger against fascist aggression, and the people of Britain, France, America, Belgium must ally themselves to fight against aggression.” Now of all the big lies that are being told to push the people into war, this one about the war for civilization is the biggest. There are today over 150 million Negroes in the world. There are fifteen million in America. They are the lowest paid, most humiliated, most despised people in the country, and in the South where four-fifths of them live they are treated like the Jews in Germany. We know how this great “democracy” terrorizes Negroes in the South and how it discriminates against them in the North. When Roosevelt and other so-called lovers of “democracy” protested to Hitler against his treatment of the Jews, Hitler laughed scornfully and replied, “Look at how you treat the Negroes. I learned how to persecute Jews by studying the manner in which you Americans persecute Negroes.” Roosevelt has no answer to that. Yet he will call upon Negroes to go to war against Hitler. The “Democratic” Rule in Africa War in defense of “democracy” and civilization? Lies. When we look at Africa we see how shameless is the lie that Belgium, France and America will fight any war for liberty and civilization. For it is in Africa that Negroes have for years suffered and still suffer today the vilest fascist tortures. And at the hands of whom? Not Hitler and German imperialism. Germany hasn’t an inch of land in Africa. That is one of the things this war is about, the partition of Africa. Hitler wants some of Africa, but up to now at any rate he has none. Japan has not an inch in Africa and today is much too busy trying to steal half of China. Mussolini controls a small number of Africans. Who is it, then, that has taken Africa from the Africans? Who else but Great Britain with sixty million African slaves, and France with another forty millions, and “democratic” little Belgium, little in Europe, but with a large piece of Africa and twelve million Negroes under her control. These “democracies” are the thieves. And how do they treat the Africans? All of us know how Negroes suffer in America. But you will have to go to Africa to see how brutally the “democracies” treat Negroes. In South Africa, a Negro cannot even buy a stamp in the same place where a white man buys one. There is a special window for him even in the post office. He lives in a part of town that is assigned to him, and he cannot leave there after nine o’clock without a pass signed by a white man. Any white man, any dirty drunkard of an Englishman or a Boer, can sign a pass for a sober, self-respecting, hard-working Negro. But any Negro who is caught out of the Negro district after nine o’clock without his pass will be locked up by the first policeman who stops him. There are not ten colored doctors in the Union of South Africa where over seven million Negroes live, and the imperialists have been there for 400 years. That is the culture and civilization they give to the Africans in South Africa. In Kenya more than five people cannot meet without police permission. One day six of them went home after church for a cup of tea. In comes a policeman. “One, two, three, four, five, six. This is sedition. You are under arrest.” They were taken to jail and the next day fined. Every working African in Kenya is fingerprinted and must carry the print around with him wherever he goes. Caught without it, he is sent to jail. Wages in Rhodesia and Kenya are sometimes four, sometimes ten cents a day. A Negro is no more than a dog to these people. And this is under the rule of the great “democratic” countries, Britain, France and Belgium. He is a dirty traitor who tells Negroes that they must go to war for the “democracies” for the benefit of civilization. Aren’t Negroes part of civilization? How did the “democratic” imperialist nations get hold of Africa? They got it as Hitler got Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler lied, made promises and broke them, bribed and sent armies to massacre all who resisted. In exactly the same way, these great “democracies” robbed the Africans of country after country and hold them in chains. And now Roosevelt and his friends are preparing the workers to fight and shed their blood for the great “democracies.” What will Negroes get? Win back their country? Live as free men? Not at all. They must help Britain and France fight against Hitler and Goering about Danzig and the Polish corridor and who should dominate the Chinese and Latin American markets, and who should dominate Africa. Remember What they Did in 1914 These imperialist bandits encouraged workers to fight in the last war with the same talk about democracy, freedom and civilization. But after defeating Germany, Britain, France and Belgium simply took over the German colonies and continued to treat the Negroes as before. Now they are fighting another war. If the fascists win they will take the colonies back. If the “democracies” win they will keep them. But whether “democracies” win, or fascists win, the Africans remain slaves in their own country. Now Republicans like Dewey and Democrats like Roosevelt, men like John L. Lewis and William Green, all the war-mongers for “democracy,” have never told Negroes anything about the situation of Negroes in Africa. Lewis encouraged Negroes to join the CIO and Negroes were right to join. But when Lewis tells Negroes to fight for democracy, as he most certainly will, they simply have to ask him the same questions that they will ask Franklin Roosevelt, and Lewis will be able to make no better reply. But James Ford and Browder and the Communist Party are a special group. For many years they posed as the friends of the Negro people, ready to lead them out of their bondage. These people support everything Stalin does so that they are called Stalinists, i.e., Stalin’s agents, but in those days they fought hard for Negroes. Listen, for in- for instance, to James Ford, the Negro Stalinist, in an article, “The Negro and the Struggle against Imperialism”: “The native population has (in South Africa) no electoral rights (with the exception of the Cape Province), the power of the state has been monopolized by the white bourgeoisie which has at its disposal the white armed forces. The white bourgeoisie, chiefly the Boers, defeated by the arms of British imperialism, at the close of the last century, had for a long time carried on a dispute with British capital. But as much as the process of capitalist development goes on in the country, the interests of the South African bourgeoisie are becoming more and more blended with the interests of British financial and industrial capital, and the white South African bourgeoisie is becoming more and more inclined to compromise with British imperialism, forming together with the latter a united front of whites for the exploitation of the native population.” Situation Has Changed for the Worse That is what Ford wrote in The Communist (January 1930, p. 27). Has the situation changed? Yes it has. The votes that a few Negroes in the Cape had (referred to by Ford) have been taken away from them. So they are worse off than they were before. We could print scores of such passages from the writings of the Stalinists. Only three years ago, Ben Davis, Jr. had the following to say about Negroes in America. “The octopus of national oppression reaches out to hound the Negroes wherever they are. September saw a recrudescence of the Ku Klux Klan in Peekskill, New York, with the promises to ride again against Negroes, Catholics and Jews. In Allentown, PA., where James W. Ford was scheduled to make a campaign speech last August, the Klu Klux Klan issued leaflets stating that the town would ‘ooze with nigger blood’ if Ford spoke. “Thus this Negro Stalinist was different from Roosevelt. He did not hide the plight of the Negroes in the South. Discrimination in Harlem And he knew about the situation in Harlem. “These reactionary practices against the Negro have been accompanied with the most relentless attacks against the already low standard of living of the Negro masses. In Harlem, the largest Negro urban center in the world, job discrimination is rife and unemployment has been estimated by the New York World-Telegram, capitalist daily newspaper, as up- wards of eighty percent. Similar situations, more or less acute, throughout the country, reaffirm the axiom that reactionary open-shoppers place their heaviest burdens upon the Negro wage earners.” Nevertheless for years the Stalinists told Negroes and everybody else that they must defend this “democracy.” And Ford, Davis, Patterson and other Negro Stalinists, when they said “defend” meant Negroes to go and fight for this “democracy.” The Communist Party said that all workers (including Negroes) should support Roosevelt and Roosevelt was preparing to drag America in. It should now be clear to every Negro that the Communist Party is today as great a deceiver of the Negro people as the Republican and Democratic Parties. There was a time when the Communists and Soviet Russia were the greatest leaders of the poor and oppressed in every country including the Negroes. They used to call upon all the workers and peasants to fight against imperialists and capitalists everywhere, above all in a war. But these days are over and they have been over for many years. Stalin sold oil to Italy all during the martyrdom of Ethiopia. That is proof enough for any Negro. For five years Stalin and the American Stalinists encouraged Negroes and all workers to fight for the British and French “democracies” against Hitler and Mussolini. And after encouraging workers to support the “democracies,” Stalin joined Hitler. In a few days the Stalinists changed. If America joined in it would join the “democracies.” This meant Hitler and hi new friend, Stalin would have the powerful country of America against them. So the Stalinists now tell Negroes to help keep America out of war. Tomorrow, however, if Stalin changes they will change again. They use the worker as a convenience for Stalin, and to deceive millions of the workers in this way, is the greatest crime of which any working-class leader or party can be guilty. Why do they do it? Revolutionists No Longer Rule Russia They do it because revolutionists like Lenin and Trotsky no longer rule Russia. Stalin and millions of officials, engineers, trade-union bureaucrats and others, now have the country in their grip. They live easy lives with great power and privileges. They oppress the Russian people, they murder all the old revolutionists like Zinoviev and Kamenev in frame-up trials, they have tried several times and are still trying to murder Trotsky, the last of the great revolutionists. They do not want revolution anywhere. Bureaucrats never do. They want to prevent the revolution, for revolutions will not only overthrow Hitler, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, but will give the Russian workers a chance to overthrow Stalin. Therefore Stalin and his army of bureaucrats give money to the Communist parties in the various counties, and these parties no longer lead militant struggles as in the old days, but try to fool the workers, white and black, and make them do whatever suits Stalin for the moment. Their policy for five years was to make workers support the “democracies” in a war for civilization. And this, every Negro knows from his own experience, was a damnable treachery and betrayal. Any one, parson or president, black or white, who encourages Negroes to shed their blood for this so-called “democracy” is a damnable traitor and betrayer. What Happened to Negroes in 1917 Some people, however, Negro leaders included, state that there is a possibility of Negroes gaining their rights and participating freely in American life, if they show that they are willing to die for “democracy.” Let us test this by the last war. They said then that the war was being fought for “democracy,” was being fought to make the world a better place than it had been before. Also, and this is what is important, many Negro leaders told the Negroes to support the war whole-heartedly. By showing themselves good citizens, they would win the sympathy of the whites and gain all the things of which they had been deprived. This is what was said. But how did the rulers of their country actually treat the Negro soldiers? First of all, they took many more Negroes than they should have taken. Out of every hundred persons in the population, ten were Negroes so that, roughly, out of every hundred soldiers, ten should have been Negroes. More than that, the Negroes are the worst paid, live in the worst houses, in the worst localities, get the worst food and the poorest medical attendance. Thus, taking the Negro population as a whole, the number of persons fit for military service should have been proportionately less than the number of whites. This through no fault of the Negroes, but because of the lives and conditions to which they are condemned. So that instead of ten out of every hundred of the solders being Negroes, we could reasonably expect that there should have been about seven or eight. But instead of some number like seven or eight per hundred there were more than ten. So that this American “democracy” seized the opportunity to kill off as many Negroes as possible as a means of helping “democracy” solve the Negro problem. Soldiers – But Jim-Crowed The war was a war for “democracy,” but the Negroes were segregated. There was not a single regiment consisting of white and Negro soldiers mixed. American “democracy” did not want to have even American colored officers, and it took a hard fight to have a few hundred. When they did agree, they trained Negroes as officers in a special Negro camp. And these men were informed by the State Department that when they visited the South, they should not wear their uniforms. “Democracy” was sending the Negro to fight for “democracy,” but could not bear the sight of him in the officer’s uniform of “democracy.” The old lynch spirit continued. The Negroes were beaten up near the camps, they were stoned and jeered as they marched along the streets. When they were on leave and attempted to enter cafes and restaurants frequented by white people, they were driven out in many places. When they went to France, the discrimination continued. American “democracy” forced most of the black soldiers to be common laborers. Of the 200,000 Negroes who went to France, some 160,000 were used as servants and in labor battalions. Even when fighting for “democracy,” the Negro was kept in his place. Negroes were made to build roads, wash clothes, cook food, clean up camps and trenches and clean latrines, though they had enlisted as soldiers of the line. Far from practicing any sort of “democracy” to Negroes, the American commanders did their best to make the French maltreat the Negroes. The French people are not as prejudiced as one would expect from their treatment of natives in Africa, and great numbers of French people in France do not make any differentiation at all between Negroes and whites. But when the American officers saw this and the friendly way in which Negro soldiers were being welcomed both by French men and women, they issued a military order, Order No. 40, instructing Negroes not even to speak to French women. For this offense against “democracy,” many Negroes were arrested, though the French people, men and women, had made no complaint. The American officers, in this war for “democracy,” wrote a special document to the French commanding staff, telling them that Negroes were a low and degenerate race, that they could not be trusted in the company of white people, that although some Negroes were officers, the French officers should have nothing to do with them, except in matters relating strictly to fighting. The French, said this American order, should not eat with Negroes, nor even shake hands, and above all, they wanted the French to use their influence to keep the white women who worked in or near the camp from forming any associations with Negroes. This was the way in which the American ruling class fought side by side with Negroes in the great war for “democracy.” Negro Bravery – And the Reward The Negroes, believing that by fighting bravely and showing that they were men as good as any other, they would gain freedom from their oppression, performed feats of distinguished bravery. Of all the American soldiers in France a Negro was the first to win the Croix de Guerre (War Cross), and one Negro regiment, the 8th Illinois, received more decorations than any other regiment in France. Another American Negro regiment stayed a longer spell in the trenches than any other regiment in the Allied forces. No one after that could say that Negroes were inferior. They had stood the stern test of modern war and came out with a great record. What happened to the Negroes, after this fine showing, should be branded on the forehead of any so-called Negro leader who tries to thrust them again into war. For as soon as the war was over, there was such a desperate series of race riots in America as had not been seen for many years. In Washington, in Chicago, white mobs inspired and encouraged by American employers and American capitalist police, shot down Negroes, many of whom had lost relations in the great war for “democracy.” The Southern whites were so anxious to put the Negro back in his place that they lynched Negroes who dared to wear the uniform of a private. The great war for “democracy” and the bravery and the sacrifices for “democracy” of the Negro people ended with thousands of them having to fight desperately, not for “democracy,” but for their lives in “democratic” America. Now let Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt and Cordell Hull and LaGuardia and some so-called Negro leaders, stand up and tell Negroes that the present war is another war for democracy and that they must go again to fight in it. If Negroes supported the war, Franklin Roosevelt, Jack Garner, Cotton Ed Smith, Senator Bilbo and all that bunch in the Democratic Party would be able to sit back and say, “We give them the nastiest jobs, we pay them the lowest wages, millions of them are unemployed. Even in Washington here, the Federal capital, we kick them out of restaurants and theatres. We lynch them whenever we think that they should be reminded of where they belong. We treated them like dogs in the last war. We lynched them after they came back. And now, when we want them to do some more dirty work for us, we just snap our fingers and whistle, and look at them! They come running to do anything we want them to do! We have only to make a few promises and they are ready to be fooled again. Truly these Negroes are the most ignorant, backward and slave-like people in the world, and deserving of no more consideration than the scraps we throw to them.” But no, large masses of Negroes have no wish to support this war. Their memories of the last war and the great deception and fraud which were practiced on them are too vivid in their minds. So bitter was their disappointment after the last war, that millions of Negroes supported Marcus Garvey. They were ready to follow even the fantastic, impossible scheme of going back to Africa rather than to continue to live in the American “democracy” for which so many thousands of them had suffered and died. What is the Negro to Do? What then is the Negro to do? Before we can act we must know the forces with us and the forces against us. Many Negroes in America feel that they should be ready to shed their blood and take any steps to break the chains which bind them. Yet they feel also that their numbers are too few. They think that they would be overwhelmed by the number of the whites, their power, their authority, and their control of the means of destruction. That, however, is a short-sighted view. Today we are dealing with an international war, and the problem is an international one. Let us look at the last war. That also was an international war. It was fought in Europe, in Asia, and in Africa. The British armed the black man in Africa. The French armed nearly half a million Negro soldiers to fight for them. These fought not only in Africa, but in Europe. There was a regiment of West Indian Negroes. Now today, the millions of Negroes all over the world are more politically conscious, more bitter against oppression and humiliation than they were in 1914. They have not only had the experience of the last war. They have suffered from the effects of the crisis. They have seen the rape of Ethiopia, and they know that in Africa, for instance, whether they are ruled by Italian Fascists or British “democracy,” their situation is the same. Their lands are stolen, their wages are often ten cents a day. They are driven away to live in segregated areas, where at night they are kept jailed as if they had committed a crime by being born with a black skin. They are thinking the same things that the Negroes in America are thinking, only more fiercely because they have more cause. Many of them, particularly in the French and Italian colonies, have arms in their hands which they have learned how to use. Now that the war has begun, many more of them will be armed and trained in order to go and fight for their masters. But despite all the shouting about “democracy” by imperialists, the great millions in Africa only need leadership to use their guns, not for British or French “democracy,” but for their own independence, for a free Africa, liberated from all sorts of imperialist domination, liberated not only from Fascist Italy and Germany, but also from those “Democratic” bandits, Britain, France, and Belgium. They outnumber by many millions the whites who keep them in subjection today. And these whites, in the course of a war, will have to arm more and more of these despised and oppressed blacks. The Africans are only waiting for the opportunity and for that powerful organization which will give them a policy and leadership. In a war fought on an international scale, the Negroes in America will have the Negroes in Africa as their allies, American Negro soldiers who may be forced by conscription to go to France to fight, will be certain to meet hundreds of thousands of African soldiers there. An Alliance of the Millions Contact and plans can be made for the struggle on an international scale. But there are many other allies as well. For two hundred and fifty years, the British have been squeezing the lives out of the masses of people in India. There are well over three hundred and fifty million people in India today, and the large majority of them are just awaiting their chance to get arms in their hands, drive the British imperialists into the sea, and make their country their own again. The same in Burma, in Ceylon, and everywhere. So that from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, you have over five hundred million people, oppressed colonials, who are thinking in terms of freedom from the domination of imperialism. Imagine the enormous power which these colonials can exert for their own emancipation in the tremendous crisis which has been loosed upon all peoples in the world. All this seems very commonplace and obvious. Why is it, then, that today so few people are saying it in public speeches and writing it? Why is it that a pamphlet of this kind is published only by the Socialist Workers Party? The reason is very important and is fundamental to an understanding of the political situation not only as it is today, but as it will be tomorrow. Poor as the majority of Negroes are, and despised and humiliated as all of them are, in every community, particularly in America, there is a small number of Negroes who have better jobs than the others, who have managed to climb onto a little ledge, a little higher than the rest of their fellow-Negroes. There are, in America, for instance, some doctors, a few people who do well in business and on the stage, teachers – numbers kings, etc. They are thrown out of the restaurants, excluded from the theatres, Jim-Crowed and discriminated against as all Negroes are. They will complain, and pass resolutions, and sometimes will carry a case to the courts. But because they get something between fifty and eighty dollars a week, they are prepared to do anything that the American ruling class really wants them to do. They are Negroes. But in reality, they are much closer to the American ruling class than they are to the great millions of their own people. It is the same thing in every other community, even in the South. The large majority of Negroes live in dirt, in poverty, are subjected to all sorts of humiliation, but a few are allowed special privileges, a few dollars more per week, etc. Whenever something serious turns up, these may make a protest and demand a little more for themselves, but they are always prepared to do what the American ruling class wants the American Negroes to do. It is so in America, it is so in Africa, it is so in the West Indies, and you have a similar situation in India, Burma, Ceylon. Uncle Tom Negroes Now these traitors are the people who have the best chances, who have the opportunity to get sometimes quite a good education. They run newspapers and magazines. They get subscriptions from rich white men. They are able to borrow from white banks. These lick-spittles, Uncle Tom Negroes, constantly speak in the name of the Negro people or in the name of Africans, when in reality, they are only saying what the imperialists want them to say. If they didn’t, they would be thrown out of their jobs, and lose their little privileges and benefits. And so, for the sake of the crumbs and bones that they get from the big table, they are quite prepared to sacrifice the interests of the majority of Negroes. They are the most dangerous people. It is they who deceive the Negroes every time. They, despite their black skin, are no more than agents of the white imperialists. They are not saying much now, but when the time comes, they are going to shout for “democracy” as loudly as the American ruling class. Some of them are going to get jobs in the government service. A few of them are going to be given positions a little higher than the ones they have at present. Some of them will be allowed to train as officers. This one here will be made a major, the other one there will be made a colonel. These appointments and others will fill the pages of the imperialist press and the Negro press. Meetings will be held at which these Negro traitors will speak and agitate and do their best to bluff the Negro people to take part in a war and be deceived and maltreated just as they were in the last war for “democracy.” The bait that they will dangle will be promises of a better world. They will say that after the war, things will be different. We know better than that. So that the first preliminary step for action is to be ready to condemn and drive out of the Negro ranks those traitors who sell their birthright for a mess of pottage. Such people, in America, in Africa, or in India, are treacherous enemies. Whoever tries to drag Negroes into a war for “democracy” is a traitor and a Judas. They will come preaching about unity. But the workers and farmers want no unity with them. What we must struggle for is the unity of the masses. Nevertheless, if ever we are agreed on the necessity of uniting the Negro masses against the war, many American Negroes will say: “I agree with the Socialist Workers Party that the 15,000,000 Negroes in America have as their natural allies of the 150 million Negroes in the world and the millions of Indians, Burmese, Ceylonese, etc. If we all join together, that would be an immense force acting on a world scale. It is true also that the imperialists are so hard pressed for men and forces that they are arming and training these millions of colonials. But nevertheless we remain only 15,000,000 out of a population of some 130 million people. The Africans in Africa, the Indians, in India will be concerned with their own struggles. We wish them well. But how can we here struggle against the vast numbers and the great power that are opposed to us? It is a very good question, and the answer to it brings us to the very heart of the matter. We shall have to examine this very carefully. Whenever a problem like that faces us we should examine it in all its aspects, then examine similar situations in foreign countries, look back into our own history, see where the circumstances are alike and where they differ, and then attempt a conclusion. Lessons from History The best example that we can start with is what happened in America some 75 years ago, when the Negroes gained their freedom. If all American whites had agreed upon the fact that the Negroes should continue to be slaves, then the 4,000,000 Negroes of that time and their descendants would have continued to be slaves until they died, for they would never have been able to free themselves against the enormous odds that were arrayed against them. But all the whites were not united. There was a great division between the whites themselves, between the merchants, the industrialists, and the bankers of the North on the one hand, and the slave-owners of the South on the other. It was this terrific quarrel that led to the Civil War. At first Lincoln never intended to free the Negroes. Yet all men who fight a battle and wish to win it seek their allies where they can find them. So he enrolled the Negroes in the Northern army, and finally declared their emancipation from slavery. That is one of the great lessons of the Civil War – the division among the whites, and the necessity for Lincoln to seek assistance from Negroes. Class Stands Against Class Let us now look at what is happening in Europe at the present day and during the last twenty-five years. Everyone knows that a very bitter civil war has just taken place in Spain. The Spanish workers and peasants were on one side. The Spanish capitalists, the bankers, the great landlords, and their followers were on the other side. It is true that some Moors from Africa took part on the side of Franco. But that has nothing to do with the fundamentals of the question. What we must note is that in Spain, where few Negroes live, the workers and the peasants on the one hand, all the poor, fought very fiercely against the rich owners of the country. Unfortunately the workers and peasants lost. Yet we see that in a country where all the population is of the same color the various classes can fight desperately to decide which class shall be master. Let us take another example. The whole world has heard of how brutally the German fascists treat the German workers. The fascists murder the workers’ leaders, throw them into concentration camps, beat up the workers in the streets, cut their wages down, and treat them in the most savage manner. But no Negroes live in Germany. This is a matter between whites and whites. The white capitalist class is in mortal conflict with the white workers. Jews have nothing to do with this at all. If there was not a single Jew in Germany, the leaders of the German workers would still be in concentration camps, and the working-class movement stamped upon. The same thing has happened in Italy, where the workers and poor peasants have had their leaders murdered and their organizations destroyed by Mussolini and his fascists. Let us take one final example: Russia in 1917. There the workers and peasants fought the same civil war against the nobles, the landlords, and the capitalists. Only in this case, the Russian workers and peasants won. The land was divided among the peasants. The workers took over the factories and the workers’ government was established. Here then it is clear that during the last few years, not to mention other great examples in history, there have been developing terrific clashes in country after country where the population is all of one color. The struggle of the classes goes on, always, whatever the color of the people. So that many a white worker in Europe and America is saying to himself, “I am starving. In any case if I have a job, my friend next door has none. These capitalists will crush me by fascism as soon as I begin to fight for my rights. Why should I support their war for “democracy”? My war is against the capitalists in my country.” In other words some whites are saying the same about the war as the Negroes. Here is real help for Negroes. The Situation in America Now let us look closely at America in the light of what we have just discussed. We saw that in America 75 years ago the division between sections of the white population in America resulted in one side calling the Negroes to join and assist them in their struggle. Through this means the Negroes gained their emancipation. Although at the present time it may seem that all the whites, or at least most of them, are against the Negroes, oppress them, and discriminate against them, yet we can take it as certain that the same struggle which we have seen working itself out in the various countries of Europe is taking place in America to- day. Sooner or later the workers and farmers of America, who are now fighting against the landlords and capitalists in unions, on the WPA, in struggles for better relief, will ultimately be driven to the same civil war that we have seen take place in country after country during the last 25 years. A Negro therefore who is looking at the political situation, not as it appears on the surface, but is seeing into the realities of the struggle between the classes, can have confidence in the future. He will realize that all white America is not solid. There is a tremendous division, a great split opening up. We can already see the signs of it very clearly. And as this struggle approaches and then actually flares out into the inevitable civil war, Negroes can be certain that many white workers and farmers who today are prejudiced will seek Negro assistance in the same way that Lincoln did when he fought the South. Negroes in the last Civil War made one great step forward, and so, in this coming civil war, the workers’ war, Negroes have a great chance to complete their long journey to full freedom. How to Fight Against War We know now that the millions of colonials in every country, those in Africa, in India, and all the other oppressed people, the majority of people now living are allies. And, most important, we have seen that many white workers in all parts of the world, although they do not suffer from the special discriminations imposed upon the Negro, yet see no reason why they must shed their blood for capitalism, whether it is “democratic” or fascist. They believe that the war the workers and farmers must fight is the war of all the oppressed against all the oppressors, the war to put an end to the capitalist system with its continual wars, its crises, and its fascist dictatorships. The question now is how can the American Negroes best carry on the fight against being driven into the war. It is capitalism that drives us into war. So that the way to fight against war is to fight against capitailsm. Who is it that will lead this country into war? None other than Franklin Roosevelt. True, he says that he will do his best to keep America out of war. But Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1916 on the slogan that he kept America out of war. And the next year he was leading America into war in the name of “democracy.” Roosevelt has made every preparation and is just waiting his chance to drag America in. How to stop him? There is only one way. By distrusting every word he says and opposing him in every move that he makes now. No lifting of Embargo When he and Congress cut down relief, it is no use listening to the Workers Alliance when it says that Roosevelt has cut relief less than the reactionary Congress and therefore Roosevelt must be supported. Not at all. Fight against both. If you support Roosevelt you strengthen his hand for his war policy. Not that although Congress and Roosevelt will disagree about relief, they always agree about the amount that should be spent on armaments. On that, they have no disagreement. They may quarrel about when exactly America should go into the war. But as to the preparations for going in, on that they are both agreed. Roosevelt proposes that you cannot strike against the government. Negroes who are working on government projects will strike for their rights and struggle against this fascist decision. The stronger the opposition of the workers on all fronts, the more the capitalists are impeded in their drive to war. Roosevelt proposes to lift the embargo. What he is doing is trying to link up America more closely with Britain and France. As far as we can, we oppose this move to bring us closer towards the war. All War Funds for Unemployed Roosevelt proposes so many billions for armaments. We protest against it. We want no billions or millions for armaments. Not one red cent. In return we demand that all war funds be given to the unemployed. The unemployed want money to live. They do not want to support Congress in voting money to kill people. We show our protest by meetings, demonstrations, and joining with all those who carry on the same anti-war activities. That is the way to oppose Roosevelt’s plan to drag America into war. But the struggle can be carried on in a more immediate and effective manner. In the factory, in the mine, on the farms, wherever workers struggle for better wages and better conditions, when the danger of war approaches, that is the time to press for your demands with the greatest intensity. Taking them as a whole, all the capitalists will support one another in the war. It is they who stand to gain by it. So that all the workers, by pressing hard on them, and by fighting against them by strikes, can not only win privileges for themselves, but can so threaten the capitalists, that these, fighting their war against the workers at home are so much the more prevented from fighting against other capitalists abroad. Let the People Vote Against the War Representative Ludlow has his Ludlow amendment which says that the people should have a referendum vote before war is declared. This by itself will never stop war. Only the struggle against capitalism will stop war. But we support the Ludlow bill. It will help. The Socialist Workers Party says: Let the people vote against the war. The Negroes should support this. Solidarity of White and Black But the workers themselves discriminate against their brother Negroes. Must the Negroes cease their struggles against discriminations in unions and other workers’ organisations? Not at all. The Negroes and their friends among the white workers must point out to all that the Ngeroes must have their full rights as workers and as citizens. The Negroes will make no concessions here. In this gigantic task of the workers there must be full solidarity in the fight against war and this means a great struggle for equality among all members of the working class movement and all who are fighting against the capitalist war. Many Ways to Fight War But suppose we enter the war. What do we do then? WE CARRY ON THE STRUGGLE AS RELENTLESSLY AS BEFORE. For capitalism here in America will still be the chief enemy. Naturally we shall not be able to fight in the same open manner as in peace. We shall not be able, for instance, to hold an anti-war meeting. But suppose in a factory some militant workers propose a strike against wage-cuts or oppressive conditions. There will be traitors who will join the government and capitalists in saying: “Now that there is a war we must sacrifice for victory.” But all true fighters against the war will refuse to accept this treacherous advice and will fight as bitterly for the rights of the workers during the war as before it. That is the way to fight against war. There are many other ways which we cannot discuss in detail here. For instance, the Negroes can form small groups who will discuss the anti-war struggle, distribute leaflets against the war among themselves and their fellow-workers and friends, and cooperate with all others who are doing the same important work. Some cowards will say that this is against the law. Of course it is against the law. But it is the capitalists who make the law. And he is a great fool who obeys the capitalist law when he realizes the necessity of fighting against capitalism. The result of all this will be, that when the great bulk of the people, black and white, begin to feel the strain of the war and begin to revolt against it. They will have leaders of knowledge and experience. They will have organizations ready to lead the great masses in their assault against the chief enemy, the enemy who is at home. Workers Stopped the Last War The workers and farmers, white and black, must never forget one important fact. The statesmen and the politicians who did not stop the last war. It was the workers of Russia who brought Russia out, by the great revolution of October, 1917. And in November, 1918, it was the workers of Germany who chased the Kaiser and his government out of the country and brought the war to an end. That is what we have to aim at. Fighting against the capitalists to pre- vent their going into war, and if we fail to stop them, carrying on the fight to bring the war to a close as quickly as possible. And not only bring it to a close, but sweep away capitalism altogether if we get the chance, and so prevent this mass slaughter which is inseparable from the cursed capitalist system. If America is dragged into the war, during the early days the struggle against war will be difficult. It will seem hopeless. But in Germany, in December 1914, only one man, Karl Liebknecht, raised his voice against the war. Four years after, the great masses in Germany were following the advice of Liebknecht and bringing the war to a close by dealing with the enemy at home. At the beginning those who oppose may be few, but the masses will come to us in time as they came to Liebknecht. The mistake that the German workers made in 1918 was to change one capitalist government for another capitalist government, instead of sweeping away capitalism and establishing a real workers’ government. If the capitalists patch up a peace, we know they will soon start another war. We continue the struggle against capitalism. For the Fourth International In all this difficult work, the Negroes of America must take the lead. They have the most to win. Similar work is going on in every country at the present time, though naturally the capitalist press does not publish it. The Socialist Workers Party has brother parties in England, in France, in Poland, in India, in Africa, in China, all over the world, who are carrying on this work. We recognize that this is an international struggle and, therefore, our organization is international in scope. Lenin and Trotsky formed the Third International to assist the workers, particularly in crises of this kind. But today Stalin has the Third International working only to serve him in the bargains that he makes with imperialist governments like Hitler. One day the Stalinists say to fight for “democracy.” That is because Stalin wanted an alliance with Britain. When Stalin joins with Hitler, the Stalinists begin to say that the war is not a war for “democracy” any longer, that it is a war between imperialist countries. That may sound all right but if Stalin changes tomorrow, they will change again. They are not leaders of the working class but agents of Stalin. They are particularly dangerous because they use revolutionary words and have a lot of money. They must be avoided like poison. It is because of the treachery of the Third International that genuinely revolutionary workers everywhere have formed the Fourth International. Negroes who see the situation clearly should join this party. The workers can never succeed without a powerful and clear-thinking revolutionary party. But if a Negro does not feel that he wants to join a revolutionary party today, that does not prevent him from forming or joining an organization of Negroes to fight against war. Such Negro organizations will work side by side with all other groups who are fighting against the war in the only way this can be done, by fighting against capitalism. Some people think that there will be jobs and good pay for Negroes as in the last war. They are wrong. Roosevelt has plans prepared, not to raise wages but to cut them during the war. The capitalists will get all the benefits this time. And after the war will come a depression to which this one will be ajoke. No, there is no salvation that way. Real Enemy Is at Home Negro men and women in every country, in America, in the West Indies, in Africa, the Fourth International summons you to fight for your own liberation, for full social, political and economic rights in America, for the independence of Africa and the formation of Negro states in that continent. Do not join with one group of capitalists against another. Fight against both. Everywhere, workers who do not see this today will see it tomorrow. The united workers and farmers of the world will oppose this bloody imperialist war to the bitter end. We will seek to build the new society, in which all men, irrespective of color or race, will be able to work in security and peace, and with full enjoyment of the good things of life. Official Press of the SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY and the YOUNG PEOPLE’S SOCIALIST LEAGUE All at 116 University Place, New York City SOCIALIST APPEAL (twice each week) “America’s Leading Anti-War Paper” $2.00 a year; $1.00 six months Add $1.00 for postage for Manhattan, Bronx and foreign THE NEW INTERNATIONAL (Theoretical monthly) An organ of revolutionary Marxism to which contribute the most competent and qualified writers in their respective fields. In it you will find: 1. Thoroughgoing reviews and analyses of the international situation. 2. Articles on the American labor, economic and political arena. The subscription rate remains at the low figure of $2.00 per year. (12 monthly issues) It’s Got that Youthful, Fighting Spirit! Snappy in Appearance, Fresh and Simple in its Language, BOLD in its Program Old Enough to Fight – Old Enough to Vote Give Youth the Ballot at 18 to Vote on War Jobs, not Guns! Subscribe to the CHALLENGE OF YOUTH The Voice of America’s Locked-Out Generation Published twice-a-month by the YOUNG PEOPLE’S SOCIALIST LEAGUE (4th International) Rates: 45¢ per year 25¢ for six months Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Why Negroes Should Oppose the War" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Johnson, J.R. Socialist Workers Party Young People's Socialist League Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pioneer Publishers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1940 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Booklets Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0015_001.doc auc.146.0015_002.doc auc.146.0015_003.doc auc.146.0015_004.doc auc.146.0015_005.doc auc.146.0015_006.doc auc.146.0015_007.doc auc.146.0015_008.doc auc.146.0015_009.doc auc.146.0015_0010.doc auc.146.0015_0011.doc auc.146.0015_0012.doc auc.146.0015_0013.doc auc.146.0015_0014.doc auc.146.0015_0015.doc auc.146.0015_0016.doc auc.146.0015_0017.doc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/f54398f60b178f2cc570ff374b83f159.jpg b11bcacaf3257ac735585ff9077a3e67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jim-Crow in Uniform by Claudia Jones; cover illustration of African American infantrymen https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/748cf35e3f5531354b0671d829b50381.jpg 0b26f51ac4e9fa0e310ab1e6ef253bae https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3c0b950385525961aabf4ceeb12bb923.jpg 7edadfc4d8b174170d0a1703226a37bc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/3eac083b9cf99f070834592b835657be.jpg 00c117435a2a52b8d65b401333851a97 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/c207683f9fab7551fd3417a13d806f80.jpg 3de2740edfda0455b830429ec3cda407 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/e3db3c06aa4ec46be422938d585bd330.jpg f6e1d72187dcdefcdc77cb9210c493c5 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/b9334659da994c890fead9aaf208f5bb.jpg eaa1c6b2a804497d3a9d3824b8ee5a8c https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a2ebe77f024c019199cece9366e13c5f.jpg 38ee991affc554ba818289c1f8d6270b https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/7f9a9d040ab8e26d5df3bb6836f9b7df.jpg 65e3d7619dc5d99befb3b2524760318b https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/fea22a5b2333d8ba016b29e7f0cfebc6.jpg bd91306ae7102de0dddeb4fa57007627 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/5b6c512e8231db5789cc64aba9ad2100.jpg 9280a1f96acb8913bda946acf086ef60 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/6c690f4eab7b8085fd1f9908f5ec58b2.jpg 6b4491531ebb50658e03589a286b8fb9 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/8217d1798a058bf99a4e00f44db80079.jpg 22180a0f2ac65e599a8973801842eea0 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Jim-Crow in Uniform by Claudia Jones Introduction Already the blood of nearly a million men, women and children has flown forever under the bridge of history. Twentieth century history moves with seven league boots by the hour today. The warring imperialists of Great Britain and France, after seeking for 7 months to make the so-called “phony war” into a “real” war against the Soviet Union, via Finland, are faced with the fact that German imperialism has broken the stalemate on the Western front, and let loose an inferno on the peoples of Europe. The small nations of Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium have been sacrificed on the false alter of “protection.” Today, those who sold out the national interests of France by building up Hitler, by stabbing Spain, have signed a separate peace with Germany and Italy. The people of France now reap the bitter fruit of betrayal by the Daladiers, Blums, Petains and Weygands. Such a peace is not just. It is the kind of peace which imposes the same solution as was imposed on the German people in the Versaille Treaty. The betrayed French people must conduct a fight on two fronts – against their own rulers who have set up a military dictatorship against them and against the invaders of Germany and Italy. A virtual dictatorship has been set up in Great Britain. Reaction, led by the Roosevelt Administration, follows the reactionary path of France and Britain, which today vies with Germany as to degree of oppression of their peoples. Roosevelt drives America to war, with locomotive speed. “National defense” of America is being raised alarmingly at this time to prepare the ground for America’s entrance into the war. In all this development the Soviet Union stands firmly as the strongest force for peace in the world. Only a few months ago, 500 million dollars needed to finance the American Youth Act for jobs and education for five million unemployed youth couldn’t be found, but today 4 ½ billion dollars have been found for armaments. If soberly examined, it becomes clear that these huge sums are not for defense at all. They are calculated to speed America’s entry into war on the side of the Allies at the earliest possible moment. From the Wall Street and Washington circles, coupled always with talk of “defense,” is talk also of these places...Dutch West Indies...British and French West Indies...Mexico...Canada...South America...Greenland...British and French possessions in the Atlantic. These are the far-flung colonial prizes, in which nearly 25 million Negroes live, which are making the yearning of United States imperialism articulate, and for which they plan to plunge America into the arena of world war. Who will pay for this might war machine? The people, of course; but the “cost” is said by the President to be “minor.” Already the trade unions are being made the main targets of these burdens. And it is becoming clear that true defense demands greater safeguards if the rights of labor and the people are to be secured against the labor baiters who have now found in the phrases of “defense” the ideal mask for their labor wrecking. Is it for the “defense” that the American people must accept the unbridled rule of the sweatshop, the start miseries of unemployment, the cruelties of profiteering, the loss and wrecking of all the social gains they have won? Is it for “defense” that the voice of Labor and the people must be gagged by police terrorism, and a whole people imprisoned in the shackles of M-Day? Is it for “defense” that everyone who speaks of liberty and civil rights, for their own opinions, will be dubbed “Fifth Columnists” by the lynchers of American democracy, the real fifth column in America? Anyone could be dubbed a “fifth columnist” if he or she protests the shameful sabotage of the Senate Committee against the passage of anti-lynching legislation! True national defense is needed. But more and more it is becoming obvious that peace is America’s best defense! The real traitors to the nation’s security and national defense are the big rich people. The crime of these people is their plans to attack Latin American nations. For the real defense of the country, the American people demand that the government stay out of war. That it advance the living standards of its people, Negro and white. That it refuse all aid to the belligerents. That it feeds America and starves the war. Labor and the people have the united strength to save America from the horrors of M-Day and war. The newest proposal of the president is for national conscription of all of America’s youth – young men and women. This is a military dragnet for America’s youth. The plan is for the development of youth as a cheap labor source for the munitions industries and for cannon fodder for Wall Street. A necessary condition of real national defense is a free and prosperous people. This means an increase, not a decrease in the living standards of the people. This would mean the preservation and enlargement of the democratic liberties of all the people. Under such conditions, the youth of the country labor and the working people train for true defense against the enemies of the people-the monopolies, against all policies of military adventures for “protecting” the neighboring colonies, or small countries in Latin and South America. But, national conscription of America’s youth, which is based on Roosevelt’s policies of shattered neutrality – on a policy of Yankee imperialism for Latin America – cannot but mean a betrayal of America’s youth. This sinister proposal of the President, which should be fought against, more than ever shows the true hand of the Washington government in its plans for war, for slashing the civil liberties and rights of youth, and the working people who ask for peace, jobs, civil liberties, and education. Peace hangs by a thread! But you can help keep America out of war, by raising your voices high. The youth of America want jobs, not cannon! Pass the Anti-Lynching Bill! Keep America Out of War! James W. Ford Jim-Crow in Uniform Jesse Clipper, Negro Hero, 1895-1917 In the heart of the 5th Ward, center of the segregated Negro residential section in Buffalo, New York, a monument stands erected to the memory of Jesse Clipper, Negro hero who died in battle in the first World War of 1914-18. Jesse Clipper is so honored because of his bravery and his valor. Young Jesse Clipper died believing that he had done his share “to make the world safe for democracy.” He must have died happily too, at the thought that he and his buddies had given their lives “in this war to end all wars” – that the armistice which was signed would be a permanent one. But this belief was a shocking illusion. Twenty-three years ago, in 1917, three years after President Wilson proclaimed the neutrality of the United States and had implored the citizens to “refrain from taking sides,” America, at Wilson’s advice, took sides, and Jesse Clipper enlisted. Jesse Clipper died in battle. He had no chance to weight the aftermath of the war. How could he know, for example, two years later, when it was all over, that the war dead of America together with the rest of the world numbered some 12 million? How could he know that the war had given birth to some 25,000 new millionaires? How could he read the same press which now blatantly confessed that many of the atrocity stories concerning the Belgians weren’t true, after all? No, Jesse Clipper could never know, now. Even if he could come to life again, he would probably die again of disillusionment. He would see at a glance, that the very things he fought for and was promised – freedom, equality, opportunity, were still denied his people. He would see the tragedy of Natchez, Mississippi – in which over 240 Negroes died – the pyres of charred bodies which is symbolic of the half-slave, half-free Jim-Crow oppression which Negroes in America still suffer from, economically, politically and socially. But the thing that would perhaps alarm Jesse most would be the realization that the second World War was in progress. The reaction did “break faith” with those who sleep in Flanders Field. That already, the youth of three continents, Europe, Africa and Asia, were in trenches again. That the threat to American liberty and freedom was becoming more real every day, by the studied build-up in the press of America of prejudices, hatred against countries, all under the similar guise “to preserve democracy.” He would hear the laughter of the Wall Street clique, while they maneuvered in Congress making loans and selling arms to belligerents, already cashing in on the blood money of the war. He would see the formation of a “national unity” among men, who only a few months ago were bitter enemies on both domestic and foreign policies. A “unity” designed to take us into war. Whose War Is It? The newspapers are saying in our time, some of the things they said in Jesse Clipper’s time. They are saying that this war, between two of the major imperialist powers in the world, Great Britain and Germany is a war “to preserve democracy.” They say that it is a “holy crusade” which will decide whether freedom and democracy will forever prevail, or whether force and violence will rule the world. The newspapers ask you and me to believe this. But how can we believe this, when we are aware of the fact that democracy has been a farce to some 500,000,000 enslaved colonials under the domination of English rule? Can this was give the kind of real democracy which previous centuries did not give? We’re sorry if we cannot believe this, just because the newspapers say so. No, the colonial peoples, black and white, cannot support this war. For it is a war that is imperialist in nature, which means that both England and Germany are out to get more territory, out to gain more influence in international affairs, are out to have a showdown as to who can exploit and enslave more peoples, small nations as well. Colonial Folk Against the War British imperialist “democracy” in action, besides, has in each previous war made thing worse, not better for colonial peoples. While pretending to be fighting for the rights of small nation and for democracy, the British ruling class denies to its colonies the most elementary democratic rights. That is why the progressive forces in the West Indies take the stand as indicated in the editorial columns of the Barbados Observer: “We colonial workers have not forgotten the last World War, when all kinds of promises were made to us...Therefore we are determined never again to allow ourselves to be used as cannon fodder by either camp in the war.” (My emphasis-C.J.) Some apologists for British imperialism argue that under British rule, Negro colonials have fared better as compared with their status under German rule, and for this reason, beginning with the premise that either side must win in the end, it is better for Negroes to support British imperialism in this conflict. Mr. W. A. Domingo, British export-import Negro merchant, openly supports this proposition. This argument is fraught with danger for two reasons. First, it is a vicious acceptance of the status of Negroes as inferiors, who must be ruled, regardless. Secondly, and perhaps more important, it is a statement designed to lull the actions of Negroes, who want peace, not war, and to offset their attempts to raise their voices and act to halt the war, now. Besides, it is also a false premise, when it is assumed that either side must win. For the ever-present desire for liberty on the part of Negro colonials will never be achieved through a change of masters, both of whom are interested not in the freedom, but in the further enslavement of them. Only through organization, education, and struggle against reaction, against war-profits, against reaction’s drive on civil liberties, under the guise of war emergencies, can this new threat to the ultimate freedom of the colonial peoples be met. Only the abolition of imperialism, of the whole system of the war makers, will guarantee peace and security for the peoples. Who knows that yet Ethiopia may not rise again soon in revolt against both Anglo-French imperialism and Italo-German imperialism, showing the path to all colonial peoples of Africa to freedom and liberation from imperialism as a whole? This is the real choice! Lindbergh – Spouse of the Morgan Fortune Sometimes the reactionaries themselves let the cat out of the bag as to the true situation. Take the speech made by Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh, the lawful spouse of the fortune of Morgan, decorated by, and friend of Field Marshal Goering of Germany for instance: The speech is entitled simply “Aviation, Geography, and Race,” delivered over a national net-work and re-printed in the Readers Digest of 1939. He says: “...Western nations are again at war, a war likely to be more prostrating than any in the past, a war in which the White race is bound to lose, and the others bound to gain, a war which may easily lead our civilization through more Dark Ages if it survives at all.” Lindbergh then goes on to warn that his “civilization” is menaced by “the infiltration of inferior blood.” It is clear that Mr. Lindbergh feels that the war is a white man’s war – or more correctly – a war for white supremacy. That it is a war, which, unless his Western nations win, will mean world domination by darker peoples, which will then be a civilization equivalent to the Dark Ages. Obviously, civilization as he sees it does not include the black man. What contribution can “inferior blood” make? Ask George Washington Carver, Negro scientist and inventor of 100 or more uses of the peanut, for instance. Ask Marian Anderson, outstanding Negro contralto. Ask Paul Robeson. Ask Joe Louis, who tore down the myth of “Aryan” supremacy. Ask all the millions of heavily-pigmented people throughout the world, whose sweat and blood have been given for centuries to build up empires, profits, and wealth. They have even contributed their “inferior blood” time and again in defense of democracy because they believed the cause was theirs, also. Ask the dead who fought with Crispus Attacks in Concord, for American independence. Or the Negro soldiers who died on the battlefields with Jackson in New Orleans. Or the War of 1812. Ask a few Negro Civil War veterans who fought with Sherman. Ask the Negro dead who lie in Flanders Field. The False Theory of a White Man’s War Prof. Rayford Logan of Howard University and Elmer Carter of Opportunity are bearers of a theory of ill-repute, the theory of the “white man’s war.” The fact remains that Negroes comprise a good bit of the cannon fodder for Europe’s war makers. In our own communities, since the war, the bubble of the false theory of a “white man’s war” quickly explodes amidst the rising cost of living, the corresponding lowering of income, as a result of the Roosevelt war and hunger budget. The Negro population are delivered not only as cannon fodder, but the acute brunt of the war crisis is first felt by them. The falsification of actual fact as shown here is for one main purpose: to weaken the domestic front of Negro and white unity, to lull the Negro population against fighting the imperialist war, and to slander the white working population who want and have no part in this war. The theory must be fought against, for it is both anti-Negro and anti-working class. The Administration Gives a War-Deal to the People That the New Deal has become a war-deal, is an ever-conscious growing fact on the minds of everybody The few concessions of appointments of Negroes to hitherto-unheld Federal, state and city posts, the integration of Negroes into the Federal program, in theatres, labor and social service have been forsaken by Roosevelt. Only 200,000 Negro workers are now left on the WPA rolls as a result of the Woodrum amendments and the Roosevelt war and hunger budget. If the United States intends to keep out of war, why the huge armaments program as against social betterment for the people of America? And what kind of security can the people have, when even the temporary security of WPA, NYA, PWA is taken away from them? The President’s message offers neither peace nor security to the people of America! The demagogic slogan of “national unity” means that Roosevelt, has been promoted to full leadership of the rulers of America and they are nationally united against the people, to make more profits, by starvation, by clamping down on the civil rights of the people, on the basis of war. The Anti-Lynching Bill – Touchstone of American Democracy In urging unity of the nation behind his budget message, the President ended on the note that now is the time for everyone to come together, forget past quarrls, and so establish once and for all that democracy as a system still remains unchallenged as the best way of life yet devised by man. For whom? might be the query of the Negro. How can he forget past quarrels when Negroes in the South still remain disenfranchised? How can he forget past quarrels when in the heart of the nation’s capital prejudice against the Negro abounds? Only recently, at the premier opening of “Abe Lincoln in Illinois,” Negro citizens in Washington picketed the theatre because Negroes are not allowed to mingle with whites in the unwritten laws of American democracy. High in the annals of achievements of American progress for 1939 is the passage of the Anti-Lynching Bill in the House of Representatives for the first time. But reaction in the person of Representative Rankin of Mississippi recorded the typical yearly slander when he shouted in the House: “You are trying to placate a few nigger communists who are infesting the gallery.” “Nigger Communists...” And in this slander, the Tory Representative Rankin paid unwilling tribute to the Negro Communists who have, together with white Communists, fought for the passage of the Anti-Lynching Bill, fought against distortions of the role of Negroes in American history, fought against every manifestation of prejudice where the Negro was concerned. Representative Rankin rants, with the Bilbos, Ellenders, Cotton Ed Smith, because his idea of democracy is being challenged by progress. As it was challenged by Angelo Herndon, Negro Communist, who led the fight for Negro and white unemployed workers in the heart of the deep South, in Georgia. As it was challenged and brought to a new high by Ben Davis, young Communist editor of the Daily Worker, who, in the Senate caucus hearings upset the dignity of the “Democratic reactionaries” and “Republican hypocrites” by exposing the truth. The President has never once raised his voice in support of the Anti-Lynching Bill. It is still the touchstone of American democracy, and it will require even greater mass support if it to become law. Current reactionary lies to the effect that lynchings no longer take place, therefore there is no need for an Anti-Lynching Bill, must also be answered. In the year 1939, 20 “silent lynchings,” the new technique of reaction, minus the mob, took place. Since 1940 already five lynchings have occurred. This – in face of the reactionaries’ lie that this is a “lynchless year.” That is why the voice of progress must be raised ever louder and clearer to Pass the Anti-Lynching Bill! The 1940 Elections Negroes constitute a balance of power in most of the major cities of the nation. Already there is being recorded in the press bids for their support by both the Democratic and Republican parties – twin parties of reaction. These old traditional major parties have today less of a division on real issues and political currents in American life, than in any former period of their existence. On a domestic scale both the Republican and Democratic parties fully agree to scrap all labor and social legislation as much as possible, to militarize labor, to drastically curb civil liberties, to lower the standard of living of all the people. They are both agreed on dubbing peace lovers, and fighters for democracy – “fifth columnists,” because they both want to bring about America’s entry in the present war. The real fifth columnists can be most easily recognized, because it is they who most openly sow the seeds of race prejudice, the seeds of Negro-baiting, or if they don’t do it openly, they are in secret agreement with those who do. The leadership of both parties contains the real fifth columnists. But Negroes cannot agree to such a program, for the Negro people want peace, want to keep America out of war. The Negro people want jobs, economic security, civil liberties, passage of social legislation, such as the Anti-Lynching Bill. No, the answer is not in a return to support of either of these parties. The answer lies in independent political action of the people in 1940, aligned with labor, as expressed recently by Earl Browder, when he called for a People’s Platform for Jobs, Peace, Civil Liberties. Such independent action will make the people’s answer clear against the war and hunger budget of the Roosevelt Administration, against the policies of the Republicans who in effect give support to his policies. Such independent action can be a powerful force for support of progressive congressional candidates regardless of their party labels. This, coupled with day to day actions against America’s entry into war, for peace, for social legislation, for an advanced standard of living, against step by step involvement policies of the Roosevelt Administration can be the means for making 1940 be symbolic of the people’s will for peace and prosperity. The only party which fights for the interests of all the people is the Communist Party. The only party which truly fights for the interests of the Negroes is the Communist party. Vote Communist! Vote for Browder and Ford, its standard-bearers! For jobs, peace and civil liberties! Vote Communist! Historical Comparisons of Two Presidents In 1917, too, the people of America had to make a choice on how best to keep America out of war. Then, as now, Wall Street’s profit-making men, under the guise of free trade, were pouring money and supplies into “Little Belgium.” Loans were followed with human security. The recent historical analogy is “Little Finland.” Remember the headlines. For months, the typewriter generals in Helsinki issued thousands of dollars’ worth of ink, paper and type, in an eort to create the impression that here was a moral cause to be rightfully defended. Roosevelt and Hoover urged its defense with loans, with arms, with a huge “Relief” campaign. Today there is peace in Finland. Today, the same press which threw you off your balance candidly admits its lies. Why the lies? Why the fakery? It was because the newspapers spoke the aims of the imperialists whom Roosevelt leads, who would drag America into war. There is peace in Finland because of the peace policy of the Soviet Union, which aims to defend its own borders, which aims to limit the sphere of World War, and establish peace. There is peace because the Finnish generals have become convinced that they were being used as pawns of the Allies against Germany. Herbert Hoover, Chief Egg in the Scramble of Finnish Relief The truth about the Finnish-Soviet conflict is most clearly understood when we look at the person who raised the most noise about it. Remember Hoover of “apple a day” fame? Well, Herbert Hoover was the chief egg in the scramble of Finnish relief. Hoover, who couldn’t help the millions of Americans, Negro and white, who starved while he was President, headed the committee which raised loans and contributions for the “relief” of the Finns. What of the millions of Americans who are not in need of relief today, Mr. Hoover? But Hoover was well interested in this cause. Hoover, together with Roosevelt and the imperialists of America and England, was responsible for egging Finland on to perform aggressive acts on the Finnish border, which resulted in the death of Red Army patrols there. Yes, Hoover hopes to add to his fame, his humanitarian efforts for the rich of Finland. But since we’re talking of fame, let us not forget to give Hoover his due. He has one outstanding action to his credit, not often told. Hoover may have sent your grandmother, or my aunt on a segregated freighter which was really a cattle boat to France. You remember, the Gold Star mothers, who were Negroes, went over in a cattle boat provided by Hoover, to see the graves of their dead sons. Wasn’t This a War for Democracy? Thousands of sons of Negro mothers were also led to believe that joining the Army, fighting for Uncle Sam, would help to win them freedom. For after all, wasn’t this a war for democracy? It was no wonder then, that in 1917, when an NAACP editorial called for support of Negro Americans in the newly-declared war, that Negro America, as in the past, “closed ranks” in support of American democracy. Stories of Jim-Crow treatment of Negro men in arms seep through even the most conservative journals. No matter what their qualifications, Negroes were given the most disagreeable jobs. Negro professionals were taken out of their ratings and given jobs as laborers, while white doctors weer assigned to Negro troops. Jim-Crow in Uniform Did you know that Negro soldiers in uniform were stoned, jeered, and mobbed on the streets? The 8th Illinois, on way to Texas, suffered such treatment. When the 92nd Division, at Camp Funston, Texas, refused to recognize the Jim-Crow line at local theatres, the notorious Bulletin 35 was issued by the white commanding officer which read, “Don’t go where your presence is not desired. White men made the Division and they can break it just as easily if it becomes a troublemaker.” It is a historical fact that in Houston, Texas, where the 24th Infantry was stationed, members of the provost guard had to endure the humiliation of going about their duties unarmed. Local white policemen disregarded their authority constantly. The famed “Houston Affair,” which resulted in the killing of 18 persons, is another example of Jim-Crow in uniform. Court martial proceedings, which followed this incident, without War Department review, resulted in the hanging of 13 (not even granted the usual military death by shooting), 41 got life, 4 short terms, and 5 were acquitted. The nation-wide protests which followed this, and other “troublemaker” actions, forced the Wilson Administration to pass a statute which declared that soldiers were not to be executed without War Department review. But this was not the only verdict resulting from Houston. The people also gave one. Significantly, many white soldiers from the North protested such treatment of their brother soldiers. Anti-War Sentiment Among Negroes But these protests only climaxed the great anti-war sentiments and agitation for Negro rights which punctuated the response of the Negro people to broken promises almost from the start of the war. Most of the historical books written about the Negroes’ participation in the first World War give the impression that nowhere was there any anti-war sentiment expressed among the Negroes. This omission is designed to keep the false halo of complacency about the Negroes, wishfully expressed by reactionary historians. Before America’s entry into war, for instance, in 1915, great protest developed around the premier of “Birth of a Nation.” Even the reactionaries argues – for their own purposes, it is true – that this play developed antagonisms between whites and Negroes. Already then, preparations for America’s entry into war were on the way. Today, “Gone with the Wind” typifies the same, though subtler, slander of the Negro people and is designed to whip up the war spirit of hysteria and race prejudice. One of the most significant protests, recorded in the Negro Year Book of 1918-19, was the parade of some 5,000 Negroes along Fifth Avenue in New York, held on July 28, 1917, in demonstration of the indignities which Negroes suffered in this war “to make the world safe for democracy.” The parade bore such banners, with slogans: “Make America Safe for Democracy”; “Taxation Without Representation is Tyranny”; “America has Lynched Without Trial 2,876 Negroes in 31 Years and Not a Single Murderer Has Suffered”; “Put the Spirit of Christ in the Making and Execution of the Laws.” Further evidence of anti-war sentiments among the Negro people is unwittingly brought out in a letter written to George Creel, chairman of Committee on Public Information in Washington, by Trumbull White, of the Investors’ Public Service in New York, informing him that: “...The big Negro colony in Harlem is badly infected with a series of rumors arousing great distress and disquiet....The rumors are of various kinds....One is that the Negro regiments are being terribly abused by their white officers. Another is that the Negro regiments are being discriminated against in the distribution of troops where the danger and suffering will be the greatest....Another is that the Negro regiments are being discriminated against in the distribution of troops where the danger and suffering will be the greatest....Another is that already more than 200 Negro soldiers with eyes gouged out and arms cut off, after having been captured by Germans and then turned loose by them to wander back to the American lines have been sent home to this country and are now in the Columbia Base Hospital, No. 1, in the Bronx....” He concludes his letter by making two recommendations. One, that a permit be arranged for a Negro preacher, doctor, and “intelligent” Negro woman from Harlem be sent to the hospital for complete inspection. And the others that preferably, Irvin Cobb, lecture in Harlem on the subject of Negro troops in France since “Cobb has the Southern affection for the Negro and could do the thing right.” It was obvious that things were not right either at home or in France the the Negroes were answering back with protest and signs of discontent. Other outstanding examples of anti-war sentiment would include the work of William Monroe Trotter, progressive Negro editor of the Boston Guardian who, during the war, fought in his columns against America’s participation in the war and the treatment of Negroes. Among the outstanding *”The American Negro in the War,” By Emmet J. Scott present-day leaders who protested the injustices was James W. Ford, now an outstanding leader of the Communist Party, its present candidate for Vice-President of the United States, then with the 8th Brigade of the 92nd Division in France, in 1918. And foremost against the imperialist was Ear Browder, now general secretary of the Communist Part of United States, and its candidate for President, who went to Leavenworth Prison because he spoke against the war. Commissioning of Officers and “High Blood Pressure” Removal Have you ever heard of Col. Charles He. Young, highest ranking Negro West Point graduate? But, even though it was before our time, you probably didn’t hear of him, because he was suddenly retired, supposedly because of “high blood pressure” when America entered the last World War. He was returned to active service soon after. You know, that after once having been retired, you need not necessarily be considered for promotion. It is to be wondered if all the “high blood pressure” wasn’t that of certain super-patriotic gentlemen, which rose at the thought of a Negro officer being promoted to a high position in their army over the heads of many white officers. Equality is at a premium even for black men in most armies. Most of the 1,200 Negro officers who were commissioned during the war were in Jim-Crow regiments. It was the pressure of the Negro and white progressives against quartering of troops in the South which led to the establishment of the first Negro officers’ training camp at Ft. Des Moines, Iowa, from which 275 Negro officers were commissioned. Such was the treatment accorded Negro men in arms at home in this “war for democracy.” What could they expect fighting for American democracy abroad? Men of Color Abroad Negro troops in France numbered a small percentage of the A.E.F., but they furnished 75 per cent of the A.E.F.’s labor supply. Given stevedore jobs, in the main, they were used to do road building, loading and unloading ships, and cars, building depots, re-burying the dead, and detonating scattered explosives. The Negro troops who fought, however, were outstanding. The 8th Illinois (part of 92nd Division), offered by Negroes received more citations and Croix de Guerres than any other regiment in France. “Secret Information” and Slander Against Negroes in France Carter G. Woodson, in his book “Negroes In the World War” exposes certain “Secret Information Concerning Black American Troops,” August 7, 1918, issued in a document by American reactionaries in France. He writes: “...The Negroes were branded as a menace of degeneracy which could be escaped only by an impassable gulf established between the two races. “This was an urgent need because of the tendency of the blacks to commit the loathsome crime of assault, as they said Negroes had already been doing in France. The French was therefore cautioned not to treat the Negroes with familiarity and indulgence, which are matters of grevious concern to Americans and an affront to their national policy. The Americans, it continued, were afraid that the blacks might thereby be inspired with undesirable aspirations, TI was carefully explained that although the black man is a citizen of the United States, he is regarded by whites as an inferior with whom relations of business and service only are possible; and that the black is noted for his want of intelligence, lack of discretion, and lack of civic and professional conscience. The French army was the advised to prevent intimacy between French officers and black officers, not to eat with them nor shake hands nor seek to talk or meet with them outside the requirements of military service. “They were asked also not to commend too highly the black American troops in the presence of white Americans...The French were urged to restrain the native cantonment population from spoiling the Negroes, as white Americans become greatly incensed at any deep expression of intimacy between white women and black men.” The Returned Negro Soldier The Noble Sissles, the John Henrys, all the Negroes who returned came back to learn that the percentage of lynchings had increased during the war years. Total 96; 38 in 1917, 58 in 1918! Five were Negro women! When five Negro soldiers were lynches in uniform, the last remnant of belief faded for hundreds of returned Negro soldiers and their families. The post-war crisis, causing race riots, because reaction played Negro against white, native against foreign-born, lynched the returned Negro soldier economically. To his great surprise, after fighting “for democracy abroad” the returned Negro soldier found it still had to be fought for at home. Democracy had to be won for Negroes too. Bitter, yet undaunted, he began to learn that it could only be won with the help of other workers. Negro and white workers began to organize while rebuilding the wastes of the war here at home. Just and Unjust Wars Today, with the Second Imperialist War raging in Europe and Asia, Negro youth face almost a similar situation as that preceding America’s entry into the last World War. However, unlike Jesse Clipper, we have a chance to contrast the experiences of Negroes during the First World War, and also in wars since then. All wars, for example, are not fought for a false democracy as was the first World War for empire, or the present war between Germany and England. Didn’t we support Ethiopia? It was because they were genuinely fighting for democracy, for their independence, against the intervention and brutal aggression of Fascist Italy. At that time the governments of France and England and the United States did nothing to stop Mussolini’s brutal aggression. Another such genuinely democratic war was the war of the Spanish people against the fascist Franco and his cronies, Hitler and Mussolini. That is why the returned Negro and white youth speak only with pride of their service across in Spain. Ask such men as Walter Garland, who rose to the rank of lieutenant in that army. Ask the brave young Ethiopian fighter who fought in Spain “to get the murderer, Mussolini, in his lair.” Ask Sterling Rochester, Negro machine-gunner and hero. Today in China, Chinese people for over two and one-half years have been heroically fighting a genuine war for democracy, against Japanese imperialism, back by 80 per cent of American products. These are wars of national liberation. These wars are modern versions of the type of wars that T’Oussaint L’Ouverature fought for the independence of the black thousands in Haiti. Enemies of Peace There are many enemies of peace. There are those who cry peace and simultaneously stir up racial hatred and intolerance. There are those who cry “civil liberties for all” and proceed to deny to Communists and others, their civil rights. Where was Dies in the case of Angelo Herndon? Or the Scottsboro boys? He has been a Congressman for some twenty-two years now. We can record many instances of the rise of anti-Negro violence, to a higher pitch today. Only recently from South Carolina came reports of several vicious attacks on Negro citizens exercising their constitutional right to vote. Yes, the K.K.K. Rides Again with “Gone With the Wind” in the Saddle. But anti-Negro violence is limited not alone to the South. For over two years, John Williams, 23-year-old Brooklyn Negro youth, was confined to prison on a trumped-up charge of rape, despite the fact that the decision was twice set aside by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The jury which did not have a single Negro on it found John Williams guilty and he was sentenced to from 7 ½ to 15 years. At the second trial the presiding judge was the anti-Negro, anti-labor Justice Peter J. Brancato. In passing sentence, the judge declared: “I would give him 20 years if I could. Remember she is a white woman.” On June 17, as a result of the mass fight against this northern “Scottsboro Case,” John Williams was released. This is a major victory for civil liberties of Negroes and for that matter, for all progressives today, in face of reaction’s drive to war, led by the Rosevelt Administration. That is why the reactionary District Attorney O’Dwyer of Brooklyn met the delegation of the Communist Party and Young Communist League, who brought, 10,000 signatures to him, demanding the release of Williams, with the words: “Millions of American boys will shed their blood before this war is over, and there will be plenty of ‘black boys’ too. It is clear that the fight for civil liberties is inherently connected with the fight to keep America out of the imperialist war. Just imagine what such action would mean on a national scale against the war. Remember reaction wants a divided people in order to drive more quickly to war! Fight the War Every Inch of the Way! We don’t want to wait until the war is upon us. This was the mistake which the youth made in 1914. Whether it is a question of the high cost of living, whether it is a question of sale of arms and planes, whether it is a question of loans to the belligerents, to foreign registry, or attempts of British propagandists, on “visits” to America who are trying to sell us their cause. whether it is the apologists who speak for British imperialism while invoking the good name of the colonial people, whether it is the newspapers who would feed us a blind pro-Ally allegiance, we must fight the war-makers every inch of the way! The Young dead that lie in Flanders Field are telling us every day, “Don’t Raise Another Generation of Poppy Sellers!” “Fight the War Every Inch of the Way.” Young Jesse Clipper is telling us “Keep alive to get a job, to marry, to raise a family!” “Keep alive to demand passage of the American Youth Act, which would bring permanent federal aid to youth!” “Keep alive to free the four Scottsboro boys!” “Keep alive by fighting the war profiteers!” “Keep alive to get the Anti-Lynching and Geyer Poll Tax Repeal Bills passed!” Young People Against the War As a matter of fact young people are already doing some of these things. All the major youth organizations have gone on record against the war as an imperialist war. The American Youth Congress, the American Student Union, the United Student Peace Committee and the Southern Negro Youth Congress have taken such a stand in their resolutions. These anti-war resolutions of youth and of the Negro people are but reflections of the broad anti-war sentiments among the whole American people. In Harlem, South Side of Chicago, and other communities, young Negro people have been active in declaring that they want no part of the European war. They have specifically pointed to the need for conducting a fight for civil rights, for jobs, democracy and peace. This is the only war that they are interested in, as was so ably demonstrated in the historical Third National Negro Congress when they rejected the path of the former progressive, A. Phillip Randolph to choose support – of reaction by supporting the Roosevelt Administration, by supporting anti-Soviet schemes by preaching segregation for the Negro – and chose instead the path toward working with labor, through Labor’s Non-Partisan League, who has now agreed to make passage of the Anti-Lynching Bill the first job of labor! What You Can Do You can help spread the truth as to what kind of a war is being fought today. You can help to educate young people to the fact that the Roosevelt Administration, and the Republican Parties, twin parties of reaction are dragging America to war. You can help keep America out of war. You will find that you are not alone in doing this, for right in your own community, you will find an organization, willing and ready to help you achieve this. This organization is the Young Communist League, an organization of and for American young people, who look forward to a better future. There is no future in Flanders Field. All youth, regardless of race, creed, or color, belong to and are equals in this organization. The Young Communist League fights for the interests of the toiling youth and the working class. It fights against imperialist war. It fights against the discrimination of Negro youth. It fights for the economic betterment of Negro youth for jobs and security. The League opposes all measures aimed at the militarization of the youth. It opposes the militarization of the C.C.C. camps, the extension of the R.O.T.C., especially on a compulsory basis: the proposed increase in the Army and National Guard, the M-Day plan. Its guiding slogan is: “Not a Man, Not a Cent, Not a Gun for Imperialist War Preparations!” We believe that our ideals can best be achieved by socialism, by establishing a new social order in which the working people will own and control all the vast natural resources and means of production, and use them for the benefit of all the people, instead of the few. The Soviet Union – Home of Free Peoples Look here, fellows and girls, this system called capitalism, with all of its talk of free enterprise is free, all right, but for the bankers and Wall Street, for the German bankers, for the Bank of England, for the French bankers. Can you dream what it would mean to have the worry of a job eliminated? What if it was the law that your security, your job, was guaranteed? Then you could finish high school, college. Then you could marry, raise a family, get that coat, that radio, that library you always wanted. This is what the youth of the Soviet Union have because they live in a socialist society. That is why the bankers what to take it away from them All roads are open to youth of the Soviet Union. There is no national or racial oppression in the Soviet Union and in the U.S.S.R. people of all nationalities, all colors, live as free and equal peoples. All young people are guaranteed free education in the U.S.S.R. to the age of 18. Equal opportunity exists for all. For millions of us darker peoples, for oppressed peoples throughout the world, the Soviet Union stands as a beacon of light, hope, truth! While the majority of people in America today are not for socialism, they are willing to work in common with those who similarly desire such things as jobs, security, democracy and peace. That is why we Young Communists stand together with the majority of American youth – Negro and white, who desire above all PEACE, so that they can pursue the American dream of “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” Negro America remembers the false promises of the last war. They are saying The Yanks Are Not Coming. The dream we mentioned earlier, can become a reality. In the course of the struggle for these thing, we will learn that these can only be achieved and kept in a more permanent society – Socialism. We support no dreams of war abroad. We go to the wars at home. For jobs and civil liberties. For democracy and freedom! Jesse Clipper, Negro hero, died believing he was doing his share to make the world safe for democracy. If Jesse Clipper were alive today, he would again fight for democracy. He would do it, however, not by following the loans of Wall Street to another Flanders Field, but by fighting for jobs, for relief, better housing, better health conditions – security for the people. We must make the world safe for democracy by making democracy safe for America. This is Jesse Clipper’s dream now. We, the living, take our stand today on the side of Life and Peace! Published by New Age Publishers P.O. Box 28, Sta. D New York, N.Y. July, 1940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Jim Crow in Uniform" Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; Discrimination in the military; United States--Armed Forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jones, Claudia Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available New Age Publishers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 July Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Booklets Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0014_001.doc auc.146.0014_002.doc auc.146.0014_003.doc auc.146.0014_004.doc auc.146.0014_005.doc auc.146.0014_006.doc auc.146.0014_007.doc auc.146.0014_008.doc auc.146.0014_009.doc auc.146.0014_0010.doc auc.146.0014_0011.doc auc.146.0014_0012.doc auc.146.0014_0013.doc