6 10 1599 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/10c3caa1afd7c231f66ee45162f6b28b.jpg a18e2907d3db4e1a07dcf13344afe66d https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/656f67d04e92833a186e68b2d16f1fbc.jpg 3af70b48d9cae899f1c8d1fa68110872 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/c81ae53cace09753ff727ab3265617c5.jpg 8335fb0f6882fa955f2f3621786c50c7 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/0b1a7e812bd51d63bf638a89decfe6d5.jpg e8e03a9849423a559ca80d420c8f3ffc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/b210bd93217b80ceac9f26e7a2a8e290.jpg a9472e1b0da09ba736c2b460a0b73231 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/8948394a085a2103ae73e3ac57d2e444.jpg c8d2002e90c6ac212c1e9df88fc68908 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/7fa1d8cb99ef1a0af6f8946ced5fe6e3.jpg 9252c7fdcc5952b3935c9903d9eaeb9a https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/1273f692c998550c48c325b037c1b0d5.jpg bd92666203e9d798be5958fae6d68cbd https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/905ece13d88b897c14ad53f7e7f7fb54.jpg 660e4bc6679fb5af29c4041a72f16760 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a7734495169cd90ac4e38596224c94c1.jpg 3309078ea23e08ceea3f47bb1ca9832a https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/d1d36cb934412ae434e04974bb68feda.jpg ae21ff96bad78d1b22121465cf413501 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/402edbb914d81a98440fa8c49cc1c220.jpg 240785f48659dc088d885f6f6363f827 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/42e160dc2d287a330ccfb4cc1be87de8.jpg f224bb50df51636b531ac4274d279652 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/4813e50e99be65b37fb4c3a1d4376c22.jpg d2a66f2a54f95f9e82f7cfc4141ab533 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/1602fc70fced9db4459578f0f7db4551.jpg 458c0513f8cf873e88f330499afddbc5 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/f18a48b9963e5a761d1a05b491785fec.jpg 5136314005d3019856f805645b1fb9fd Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Booklets Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Look Him in the Eye" Subject The topic of the resource African American veterans--United States; World War, 1939-1945; World War, 1939-1945--African Americans; World War, 1939-1945--African Americans--Veterans; World War, 1939-1945--Veterans Description An account of the resource This booklet discusses Black veterans and those who served in the armed forces. It features various images of Black men in combat. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Southern Conference for Human Welfare Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II vertical file Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1945-1946 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Booklets Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0004_001.doc Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1945-1946 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/72f9e24e06a198ecaa3d37293bf7adf6.jpg 78eeeb2d69ed9ff3df4e5f262b654734 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Clippings (information artifacts) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Mixed Negro, White Units Praised For Gallantry in Korea Fighting" Subject The topic of the resource Korean War, 1950-1953; Korean War, 1950-1953--African Americans; United States--Armed Forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalischer, Peter Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://findingaid.auctr.edu/arc/view?docId=ead/auctr.edu/johnson_publishing_company.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Johnson Publishing Company clipping files collection, 1940-2020</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available St. Louis Post Dispatch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 December 19 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Clippings (information artifacts) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.098.0014.doc Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. December 1950 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/e412b2cb7358cfc0121ef97e15be790a.jpg 326ee827fe6d0073308fe8d016114d74 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Clippings (information artifacts) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Mixed Units No Longer an Oddity in Korea War" Subject The topic of the resource Korean War, 1950-1953; Korean War, 1950-1953--African Americans; United States--Armed forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Johnson Publishing Company Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://findingaid.auctr.edu/arc/view?docId=ead/auctr.edu/johnson_publishing_company.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Johnson Publishing Company clipping files collection, 1940-2012</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 September 23 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Clippings (information artifacts) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.098.0010.doc Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. September 1950 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/9202e25026a4b62b0992e3155f99354e.jpg c69940e5a6fdf79ebc5a79f6099d0f50 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource REL314 - Introduction to Christian Ethics: Archival Research and Black Women in U. S. Civil Rights Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Mrs. Ruby Hurley, The Most Militant Negro Woman in the South" Description An account of the resource A Jet Magazine Article about Ruby Hurley's career and life. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Annonces, Vieilles. "Mrs. Ruby Hurley, The Most Militant Negro Woman in the South" Jet Magazine, October 6, 1955. Flickr. July 17, 2009. www.flickr.com/photos/vieilles_annonces/1386459917. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 6, 1955 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Vieilles Annonces Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/21a52782682877ab8fda369fa0c2515d.jpg e95a774e930d787ef84071ee02474932 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Clippings (information artifacts) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negro and White Troops Mix Without Friction in Korea War" Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; Korean War, 1950-1953; Korean War, 1950-1953--African Americans; United States--Armed forces--African Americans; United States. Army. Army, 8th Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Simmons, Walter Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://findingaid.auctr.edu/arc/view?docId=ead/auctr.edu/johnson_publishing_company.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Johnson Publishing Company clipping files collection, 1940-2020</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 January 15 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Clippings (information artifacts) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.098.0006.doc Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. January 1951 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/d5c1b5465bd56d9d70436b2c1c6c5678.jpg 2b01ba2913528433875c941cc29acc44 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Clippings (information artifacts) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negro G.I.s in Korea Speak Out" Subject The topic of the resource Korean War, 1950-1953; Korean War, 1950-1953--African Americans; Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives; American, United States--Armed Forces--African Americans; United States. Army. Infantry Division, 24th Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beech, Keyes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://findingaid.auctr.edu/arc/view?docId=ead/auctr.edu/johnson_publishing_company.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Johnson Publishing Company clipping files collection, 1940-2020</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 July 31 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Clippings (information artifacts) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.098.0013.doc Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. July 1950 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chicago Daily News, Inc. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/2423ea2e8e570f3e5e1a15a1b2e8c7f8.jpg 5a388aca2efc973d5dbcf55dce077239 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Negroes and the National War Effort An Address by Frederick Douglass With a foreword by James W. Ford https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/5a937eb68131297ed790391a542d7bc6.jpg 382a3681181845ea070a05984e2274e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Verso: illustrated portrait of Frederick Douglass with text "Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/aaaeaac79b13b6a060b9a1747dc8a549.jpg 45965c05a8bf96d8c5deef0aa8856283 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/e6d8634e380eb76ecce989a8e32e2c02.jpg 7c63c97a74cdad402f5af56a9224b359 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/56fc8c45b93f33a5e73b6414b2d1dc03.jpg c625dc0f90f1c3caddcb961d2a76bf71 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/50dcad7707712831bf9324d9589d366f.jpg 6675a8fd908ae86dc8ef2bae2c6298fc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/848a4296a56b8e29af6bfad5cea57e67.jpg b92cd737fc47d265a3ea4bb48aa4de83 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/8ce1d21fffc7b772a7e8d929fc8574c1.jpg 1398d9c1b6630257fc031239447adde3 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/cd48e4062d803c672417ae07887c1deb.jpg 1bd672459a5757f141da94854f7e159f Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Negroes and the National War Effort Foreword by James W. Ford These are trying days for our nation. They are even more trying than those in the national crisis of 1860, when the threat to the nation’s existence demanded just as today the integration and utilization of Negroes to the fullest in the struggle to preserve the Union. Frederick Douglass’ leadership in clarifying the issues that resulted in the raising of Negro troops and their integration into the Union armies is graphically illustrated in the following speech made by that great Negro Abolitionist in Philadelphia, at the National Hall, on July 6, 1863. Again the Negro people dare not to fail to appreciate their stake and their role in helping to win the war today against the Axis powers, without which the struggle for the rights of the Negro people will be set back for generations. Frederick Douglass, one of the outstanding figures of the Civil War period, comes forward now to challenge those who declare “this is not he colored man’s war” and who would minimize the stake of the Negro people in this titanic global conflict. Douglass has not fully come into his own even among the most politically advanced white and Negro masses in the United States. Too little has been made known about him by the official historians. Those who have written the history of our country in the decades since the Civil War have either deliberately, or out of an ignorance nurtured by prejudice, omitted Douglass’ contribution to our nation. Falsification by silence has to a considerable extent concealed the real issues of that period from the masses. In the Civil War the nation was faced with dissolution. The Union had to be saved or liberty would have been lost for all. All true patriots rallied against those who aimed to dismember our country and who, if they had been successful in defeating the Union, would have imposed the system of human slavery over the entire nation and spread it throughout Central and South America. Labor exercised an important role in determining the course of the Civil War. It supported Lincoln and stood solidly for the abolition of slavery. Of strategic importance also was the active participation of Negro troops in helping to determine the successful outcome of the war. No one understood this more clearly than Frederick Douglass. In his speech Douglass makes devastating arguments against wavering and hesitation in regard to supporting the war, by his brilliant analysis of the two forces that were struggling for mastery in the military drama of the Civil War. Although vacillation and weakness on the slavery question were found in high places in the government, Douglass nevertheless admonished colored men to join the Union Army and fight for freedom and liberty. He declared that the logic of events should convince all Negroes that their basic interests demanded their participation as fighters in the ranks of the Union Army. When Confederate cannon shattered Fort Sumter at Charleston – the Pearl Harbor of the Civil War – Douglass at once “saw the end of slavery” for his people. He threw himself into mobilizing Negro troops for the Union Army. He fought the Copperheads. In the crisis today the nation is fighting for its existence against new would-be enslavers of the whole of humanity, the Nazi-fascist Axis – the most fiendish imperialists in all history. We have the McClellans, pro-Hitlerites and appeasers of today, black and white. We have our Lindberghs, Hamilton Fishes and Coughlins; we have the Ku Klux Klan and our Cliveden Set, all of whom constitute the most serious obstacle to the war against Hitler and are a Hitlerite camp of reaction at home. We have a group of Southern poll-tax Congressmen, who, under the guise of supporting the government’s foreign policy, obstruct every measure necessary for the fullest mobilization of our human and material resource to destroy the fascist Axis. Shameless policies of “Aryan superiority,” such as blood segregation, can only contribute to undermining unity of the nation. There is not a single American patriot who does not glory in the sacrifices that Negro Americans have made in giving the last drop of their blood to sustain this nation since its birth until the present moment. We must fight against the appeasers in the spirit which Douglass indicated, of unity of white and black. A matter of the gravest concern to all Americans anxious for the destruction of everything that Hitlerism stands for is the widespread discrimination against Negro Americans in the armed forces and in the industries, which militates against their fullest mobilization for the war effort. All Americans – Negroes and whites – can never be satisfied until this blot is erased from American life. In the spirit and tradition of Frederick Douglass, this question is not placed as a “condition for support of the war”; rather, it is advanced in the interests of most effectively prosecuting the war. In the course of this war the struggle for democracy and equality must be furthered. Unless all unite effectively to defeat Hitler, white and black will become the chattel slaves of fascism. The work of Douglass in rallying his people in support of the war in the interests of national unity was made easier by labor’s support of the anti-slavery cause. The leadership of Douglass, as history has proved, was wise and sound. Labor is immensely stronger today. It is the backbone of the nation. Its task of rallying the Negro people in support of the war against Hitler requires united effort in wiping out discrimination and lynching. This constitutes a basic part of the battle for production. It means helping win the war on the battlefields. It means helping the government rally all he forces of the nation to win the war. The crisis which faces the nation today requires national unity embracing all classes and peoples to preserve the very national existence of the United States. In developing further its policies for combating discrimination, the government will help smash the nefarious efforts of the Axis-aiding demagogues and splitters, and will strengthen national unity for dealing the death blow to the fascist Axis. “Events more mighty than men,” said Douglass, “...have placed us in new relations with the government and the government with us.” The republication of this speech of Frederick Douglass should serve, not alone to honor him, but to make more clear the tasks we face today and to stimulate us fully to meet them. The Address of Frederick Douglass Mr. President and Fellow Citizens – I shall not attempt to follow Judge Kelley* and Miss Dickinson ** in their eloquent and thrilling appeals to colored men to enlist in the service of the United States. They have left nothing to be desired on that point. I propose to look at the subject in a plan and practical common-sense light. There are obviously two views to be taken of such enlistments – a broad view and a narrow view. I am willing got take both, and consider both. The narrow view of this subject is that which respects the matter of dollars and cents. There are those among us who say they are in favor of taking a hand in this tremendous war, but they add they wish to do so no terms of equality with white men. They say if they enter the service, endure all the hardships, perils and suffering – if they make bare their breasts, and with strong arms and courageous hearts confront rebel cannons, and wring victory from the jaws of death, they should have the same pay, * Judge Kelley: William D. Kelley, a Republican of Philadelphia, who was a Congressman during the Civil War. In the House, he pressed constantly for a more vigorous conduct of the war, the arming of the Negroes and emancipation. – Editor. ** Anna Dickinson: Poet, Abolitionist orator. In 1864, at the age of 21, she spoke in the House of Representatives for the benefit of the Freedmen’s Relief Association. From the beginning of the war she advocated emancipation, and division of the large plantations among the freed Negroes. She was active in exposing McClellan’s treason on the battlefield. – Editor the same rations, the same bounty, and the same favorable condition every afforded to other men. I shall not oppose this view. There is something deep down in the soul of every man present which assents to the justice of the claim thus made, and honors the manhood and self-respect which insists upon it. {Applause} I say at once, in peace and in war, I am content with nothing for the black man short of equal and exact justice. The only question I have, and the point at which I differ from those who refuse to enlist, is whether the colored man is more likely to obtain justice and equality while refusing to assist in putting down this tremendous rebellion than he would be if he should promptly, generously and earnestly give his hand and heart to the salvation of the country in this its day of calamity and peril. Nothing can be more plain, nothing more certain than that the speediest and best possible way open to us to manhood, equal rights and elevation, is that we enter this service. For my own part, I hold that if the Government of the United States offered nothing more, as an inducement to colored men to enlist, than bare subsistence and arms, considering the moral effect of compliance upon ourselves, it would be the wisest and best thing for us to enlists. {Applause} There is something ennobling in the possession of arms, and we of all other people in the world stand in need of their ennobling influence. The case presented in the present war, and the light in which every colored man is bound to view it, may be stated thus. There are two governments struggling now the possession of and endeavoring to bear rule over the United States – one has its capital in Richmond, and is represented by Mr. Jefferson Davis, and the other has its capital at Washington, and is represented by “Honest Old Abe.” {Cheers and long-continued applause} These two governments are today face to face, confronting each other with vast armies, and grappling each other upon many a bloody field, north and south, on the banks of the Mississippi, and under the shadows of the Alleghenies. Now, the question for every colored man is, or ought to be, what attitude is assumed by these respective governments and armies towards the rights and liberties of the colored race in this country; which is for us, and which against us! {Cries of That’s the question} Now, I think there can be no doubt as to the attitude of the Richmond or Confederate Government. Wherever else there has been concealment, here all is frank, open, and diabolically straightforward. Jefferson Davis and his government make no secret as to the cause of this war, and they do not conceal the purpose of the war. That purpose is nothing more nor less than to make the slavery of the African race universal and perpetual on this continent. It is not only evident from the history and logic of events, but the declared purpose of the atrocious war now being waged against the country. Some, indeed, have denied that slavery has anything to do with the war, but the very same men who do this affirm it in the same breath in which they deny it, for they tell you that the abolitionists are the cause of the war. Now, if the abolitionists are the cause of the war, they are the cause of it only because they have sought the abolition of slavery. View it in any way you please, therefore, the rebels are fighting for the existence of slavery – they are fighting for the privilege, the horrid privilege of sundering the dearest ties of human nature – of trafficking in slaves and the souls of men – for the ghastly privilege of scourging women and selling innocent children. {Cries of That’s true} I say this is not the concealed object of the war, but the openly confessed and shamelessly proclaimed object of the war. Vice-President Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based upon the idea that colored men are an inferior race, who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the heart’s content of any men of a different complexion, while the Federal Government recognizes the natural and fundamental equality of all men. {Applause} I say, again, we all know that this Jefferson Davis government holds out to us nothing but fetters, chains, auction-blocks, bludgeons, branding irons, and eternal slavery and degradation. If it triumphs in this contest, woe, woe, ten thousand woes, to the black man! Such of us as are free, in all the likelihoods of the case, would be given over to the most excruciating tortures, while the last hope of the long-crushed bondman would be extinguished forever. {Sensation} Now, what is the attitude of the Washington government toward the colored race? What reasons have we to desire its triumph in the present contest? Mind, I do not ask what was its attitude towards us before this bloody rebellion broke out. I do not ask what was its disposition when it was controlled by the very men who are now fighting to destroy it when they could no longer control it. I do not even ask what it was two years ago, when McClellan* shamelessly gave out that in a war between loyal slaves and disloyal masters, he would take the side of the masters against the slaves – when he openly proclaimed his purpose to put down slave insurrections with an iron hand – when glorious Ben. Butler* {Cheers and applause}, now stunned into a conversion to anti-slavery principles (which I have every reason to believe sincere), proffered to his services to the Governor of Maryland, to suppress a slave insurrection, while treason ran riot in that State, and the warm, red blood of Massachusetts soldiers still stained the pavements of Baltimore. I do not ask what was the attitude of this government when * George B. McClellan: Major-General in the U.S. army in 1861. Bitterly opposed to emancipation of the Negro people, McClellan ordered his soldiers to return to their owners fugitive slaves. When Lincoln had removed him from command, McClellan ran against Lincoln for the Presidency in 1864, on the Democratic ticket, calling for “peace.” Marx said of McClellan: “...his influence acted as a brake on the general conduct of war....McClellan and most of the officers of the regular army who got their training at West Point are more or less bound to their old comrades in the enemy camp by the ties of esprit de corps....McClellan knew how to keep every military traitor from court martial, and in most cases even from dismissal...McClellan wages war not in order to defeat the foe, but rather in order not to be defeated by the foe and thus forfeit his own usurped greatness.” – Marx-Engels, The Civil War in the United States, International Publishers, New York. – Editor * Benjamin F. Butler: At first a pro-slavery Democrat of Massachusetts, Butler, in the course of the Civil War, became a staunch anti-slavery man. He was a Brigadier-General, later a Major-General, in the Union Army. Placed in charge of Fortress Monroe, in Virginia, he admitted to it, even before the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, fugitive slaves whom he fed and clothed and put to work for the Union. He refused to return these Negroes to their former masters, answering his critics with the statement that the ex-slaves had been Confederate property and were therefore “contraband of war.” In 1862 Butler became a military governor of New Orleans after its capture by the Union Army. At New Orleans he raised Negro troops, setting a precedent which later became national policy. – Editor. many of the officers and men who had undertaken to defend it, openly threatened to throw down their arms and leave the service if men of color should step forward to defend it, and be invested with the dignity of soldiers. Moreover, I do not ask what was the position of this government when our loyal camps were made slave hunting grounds, and the United States officers performed the disgusting duty of slave dogs to hunt down slaves for rebel masters. These were all dark and terrible days for the republic. I do not ask you about the dead past. I bring you to the living present. Events more mighty than men, eternal Providence, all-wise and all-controlling, have placed us in new relations to the government and the government to us. What that government is to us today, and what it will be tomorrow, is made evident by a very few facts. Look at them, colored men. Slavery in the District of Columbia is abolished forever; slavery in all the territories of the United States is abolished forever; the foreign slave trade, with its ten thousand revolting abominations, is rendered impossible; slavery in ten States of the Union is abolished forever; slavery in the five remaining states is as certain to follow the same fate as the night is to follow the day. The independence of Haiti is recognized; her Minister sits beside our Prime Minister, Mr. Seward, and dines at his table in Washington, while colored men are excluded from the cars in Philadelphia; showing that a black man’s complexion in Washington, in the presence of the Federal government, is less offensive than in the city of brotherly love. Citizenship is no longer denied us under the government. Under the interpretation of our rights by Attorney General Bates, we are American citizens. We can import goods, own and sail ships, and travel in foreign countries with American passport in our pockets; and now, so far from there being any opposition, so far from excluding us from the army as soldiers, the President at Washington, the Cabinet and the Congress, the generals commanding and the whole army of the nation unite in giving us one thunderous welcome to share with them in the honor and glory of suppressing treason and upholding the star-spangled banner. The revolution is tremendous, and it becomes us as wise men to recognize the change, and to shape our action accordingly. {Cheers and cries of We will} I hold that the Federal government was never, in its essence, anything but an anti-slavery government. Abolish slavery tomorrow, and not a sentence of syllable of the Constitution need be altered. It was purposely so framed as to give no claim, no sanction to the claim of property in man. If in its origin slavery had any relation to the government, it was only as the scaffolding to the magnificent structure, to be removed as soon as the building was completed. There is in the Constitution no East, no West, no North, no South, no black, no white, no salve, no slaveholder, but all are citizens who are of America birth. Such is the government, fellow citizens, you are now called upon to uphold with your arms. Such is the government that you are called upon to cooperate with in burying rebellion and slavery in a common grave. {Applause} Never since the world began was a better chance offered to a long enslaved and oppressed people. The opportunity is given us to be men. With one courageous resolution we may blot out the handwriting of the ages against us. Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States. [Laughter and applause] I say again, this is our chance, and woe betide us if we fail to embrace it. The immortal bard hath told us: “There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. We must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures.” Do not flatter yourselves, my friends, that you are more important to the government than the government is to you. You stand but as the plank to the ship. This rebellion can be put down without your help. Slavery can be abolished by white men; but liberty so won for the black man, while it may leave him an object of pity, can never make him an object of respect. Depend upon it, this is no time for hesitation. Do you say you want the same pay that white men get? I believe that the justice and magnanimity of your country will speedily grant it. But will you be over nice about this matter? Do you get as good wages now as white men get by staying out of the service? Don’t you work for less every day than white men get? You know you do. Do I hear you say you want black officers? Very well, and I have not the slightest doubt that in the progress of this war we shall see black officers, black colonels, and generals even.* But is it not ridiculous in us in all at once refusing * Negroes held about seventy-five commissions in the army during the Civil War. One member of the First North Carolina Volunteers, William N. Reed, rose to the position of Lieutenant-Colonel. – Editor. be commanded by white men in time of war, when we are everywhere commanded by white men in time of peace? Do I hear you say still that you are a son, and want your mother provided for in your absence? – a husband, and want your wife cared for? – a brother, and want your sister secured against want? I honor you for your solicitude. Your mothers, your wives and your sisters ought to be cared for, and an association of gentlemen, composed of responsible white and colored men, is now being organized in this city for this very purpose. Do I hear you say you offered your services to Pennsylvania and were refused? I know it. But what of that? The State is not more than the nation. The greater includes the lesser. Because the State refuses, you should all the more readily turn to the United States. [Applause] When the children fall out, they should refer their quarrel to the parent. “You came unto your own, and your own received you not.” But the broad gates of the United States stand open night and day. Citizenship in the United States will, in the end, secure your citizenship in the State. Young men of Philadelphia, you are without excuse. The hour has arrived, and your place is in the Union army. Remember that the musket – the United States musket with its bayonet of steel – is better than all mere parchment guarantees of liberty. In your hands that musket means liberty; and should your constitutional right at the close of this war be denied, which, in the nature of things, it cannot be, your brethren are safe while you have a Constitution which proclaims your right to keep and bear arms. [Immense cheering] Published by Workers Library Publishers, Inc., P.O. Box 148, Station D (832 Broadway), New York City, April 1942 Printed in the U.S.A. The Negro in American History The Negro in the American Revolution by Herbert Aptheker $.15 The Negro in the Civil War, by Herbert Aptheker .10 The Negro in the Abolitionist Movement by Herbert Aptheker .15 Negro Slave Revolts in the U.S. 1526-1860 by Herbert Aptheker .15 Frederick Douglass: Abolitionist, Liberator, Statesman, by Steve Kingston .05 Harriet Tubman: Negro Soldier and Abolitionist by Earl Conrad .15 Thaddeus Stevens by Elizabeth Lawson .10 Outline History of the American Negro People 1619-1918 by Elizabeth Lawson .50 The War and the Negro People, by James W. Ford .02 Books The Civil War in the United States, by Karl Mark and Frederick Engels 2.50 The Negro and the Democratic Front, by James W. Ford 1.75 Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy by James W. Allen 1.25 Workers Library Publishers P.O. Box 148, Station D (832 Broadway), New York, N.Y. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negroes and the National War Effort" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895; Ford, James W., 1893-1957 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1939-1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Booklets Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0013_001.doc auc.146.0013_002.doc auc.146.0013_003.doc auc.146.0013_004.doc auc.146.0013_005.doc auc.146.0013_006.doc auc.146.0013_007.doc auc.146.0013_008.doc auc.146.0013_009.doc Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/ac1a3df23f7ac30c915ce8f5d23dc780.jpg 8a4e02ad594713a07c6e4c2be8554117 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article, "Negroes at War" with image of African American soldiers in a military tank with the caption, "Tank manned by three Negro Noncoms and technician-gunner maneuvers under sunny Louisiana skies. They belong to 758th (GHQ) Tank Battalion." https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/959caea937999207b7b12fe87645c22e.jpg f9454eecea06f7049b884e3d6c3fd8bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A group of African American color guard members walk through the snow holding rifles and flags. Image caption: A CRACK NEGRO REGIMENT, commanded by Negro officers, is Harlem's 369th whose color guard is shown at winter quarters in upstate New York. In World War I the 369th was part of General Henri Gouraud's Fourth French Army. It was 191 days under fire, never gave a foot of ground, never lost a prisoner, was the first Allied regiment to reach the Rhine. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a8cec25f1ee48ea17e65ec1bd8c157df.jpg 9c748d64cb1f18ab84d0840167fbf3b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article images: (top) cavalry soldiers riding horses over a hill, image caption: Negro cavalry troop raises a cloud of dust as it rides down a hill near Fort Riley. Negro cavalry has been a part of regular army since Civil War; (bottom left) image of African American blacksmith fitting a horseshoe on a horse, image caption: A troop blacksmith shoes a 10th Cavalry mount. Negro soldiers get along with horses, who draw no color line; (bottom center) African American soldier on horseback surrounded by dogs, another soldier on horseback stays in the background, image caption: Sgt. Will Black of the 10th Cavalry dons a green coat on Sunday afternoons and acts as whipper in cavalry school hunt; (bottom right) a man and woman are seated in front of a staircase petting a dog while two children stand on the staircase behind them, smiling for the camera, image caption: NEGRO NONCOMS with families, like Master Sgt. Pentecost Daniel of 9th Cavalry, have own homes at Fort Riley. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/f6fe3a8f95126368154b75cd2f90908c.jpg 459714956c9908f4d934e6e77c799931 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Magazine article images: (top left) image caption: Four Nashville boys with "Avenge Pearl Harbor" armbands joined up when Navy dropped anti-Negro ban. Previously Negroes could only serve as mess attendants; (top right) image caption: Trench-digging class of 388th Engineers at Camp Claiborne, La. raises shovels for counting. Army has put many Negroes in engineer units, teaches them to build railroads, barracks, bridges; (bottom right) image caption: Sgt. Leslie Lewis of 758th Tank Battalion at Claiborne shows how he would go into action with tommy gun if intercepted by enemy. He also has a revolver. He carries messages to tank commanders; (bottom left) image caption: First Negro Marine recruit in Nashville, George Thompson, dogcatcher, is sworn in. Said George: "Those Japs are just like the mongrels I been picking up." https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a5f631ff1c04fd21ceb1a3465cc555c1.jpg febe2e3db18c22486b4dd349b24aff15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) USO at Alexandria, La. has two clubhouses - one for white, one for Negro troops. They are alike in every detail. This one has a dance floor, game room, bar where townspeople serve drinks and food; (top right) Cavalry boots thump the floor hard at Friday night dance in Fort Riley USO clubhouse. There is about one girl to every ten soldiers, creating a real rationing problem; (bottom left) Sunday morning services for cavalry regiments at Fort Riley are featured by earnest praying and singing. Many of these boys are sharecroppers' sons. Here the choir sings, Lord, I am Troubled; (bottom right) Sgt. Joseph Caliban, trumpeter of the 367th Infantry Band, has gained 160 lb. on Army food in 16 years, now weighs 325. Here he sings Ants in Your Pants to officers. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/e138fca79497515230bfe57d14feb220.jpg 16f9a283640fdbe23c8f4efdcff3aad8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) Aircraft worker Mel Nickerson shows work to Col. Robert Ginsburgh at Lockheed-Vega plant, Burbank, Calif. Lockheed was first big aircraft firm to hire many Negroes; (top right) North American Aviation's J.H. Kindelberger chats with two of his 600-odd Negro employes. Kindelberger once said he would hire Negroes only as janitors, has since changed his mind; (bottom left) Plate bender at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Va. must have a high degree of skill. Navy yards have upped Negro workers over 100% in last year, now employ 16,000; (bottom right) Tallyman Moses Baker weighs boxes of finished shells at Winchester Repeating Arms plant. He once served 5 years in the Navy, tried to re-enlist a day after Pearl Harbor. He earns $42 a week. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/ad63a9d87b64e0d775f9a01c7103c41b.jpg 86e020e2b194cdfd87a527ceb8a4e9b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: A Negro-owned and operated war factory is Pacific Parachute Co. in San Diego, which makes parachutes for Army and Navy flares. Owner is Eddie Anderson, "Rochester" of Jack Benny's program (center right). Manager is Skipper Smith (left) who has made 254 parachute jumps. Workers are white, Mexican and Negro girls, working side by side. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/99f89a4fc8c10201af532f4cd6d43c0b.jpg bd5cadd977feaa578492362dea65f96e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: Seventy-five first-aid classes are held in Harlem schools, churches, apartment houses, stores and theaters. Department-store clerks and movie ushers have been taught how to take care of air-raid victims. Some Harlem doctors and nurses have been giving first-aid courses seven nights a week since Pearl Harbor. Here a class practices artificial respiration. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/46d19302bd30cd3f809c1049bd8a6869.jpg e4cffeb65d6e89bcb3519658745c7539 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top left) Eye "victim" is bandaged by Harlem first aider; (right) Police captain Walter Harding of the 28th New York City precinct directs civilian defense work in lower west side Harlem. Here he gives orders to 500 air-raid wardens. At this meeting wardens set up make-believe disaster organization on a theater platform (below) and practiced what they would do if a Nazi plane landed on a Harlem street.; (bottom left) Harlem member of American Women's Voluntary Services, Mrs. S.H. Craig, starts a sweater for city health service. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/262dd0b8015245198901becddade113e.jpg 82865a36faaed85e8a84c1560951a38b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image captions: (top) Social center and defense post as well as this zone headquarters for Harlem air-raid wardens. Male wardens gather here to play cards, read papers, listen to radio. Lady wardens cook snacks on a small stove, keep the floor clean.; (bottom) In sober-faced pairs, dawn patrol sets forth on its Harlem rounds. Sometimes leader is a barber, sometimes a city tax inspector or an unemployed waiter. Regular members include laborers, housemaids, postal clerks. Women members make their own uniforms from old khaki pants, embroidered with C.D.C. (Civilian Defense Corps) in red, white and blue. https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/656dd71c25a493dc08c432f973eb6714.jpg ff9adde078096542619608d05071e287 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image caption: sunrise finds Harlem dawn patrol dousing a roof-top incendiary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Negroes at War All they want now is a fair chance to fight The picture above of an all-Negro crew in a fast new 13-ton U.S. Army tank will probably be a surprise to many U.S. citizens. But this summer it could be duplicated hundreds of times at training camps throughout the country. By next spring it could be duplicated several thousand times. The U.S. Army is getting rid of its old prejudices against the Negro and is putting him where he will do the most good – in the front ranks of its fighting men. At Camp Claiborne, La., where this picture was taken, the white colonel commanding a Negro outfit told LIFE Photographer K. Chester: “I’m a cotton-patch Southerner myself, and I don’t call these boys niggers. I call them American soldiers and damned good ones!” This is bad news for the propagandists of Germany and Japan, who have long nursed a delusion that the 13,000,000 U.S. Negroes were ripe for rebellion and would surely refuse to fight. It is perfectly true that U.S. Negroes have never had a square deal from the U.S. white majority, but they know their lot could be far worse under the racial fanatics of the Axis. Now, when their country needs them, they are glad to work and fight and die alongside their white fellow-citizens. That is the spirit which will some day wipe every trace of racial bigotry off the map of America. Negro troops have a fighting tradition Negro soldiers have fought under all the great generals, in all the great wars and in most of the famous battles of U.S. history. And they have fought well. A Negro, Crispus Attucks, was the first American to fall under British fire in the Boston Massacre of 1770. Negroes fought beside the Minute Men at Bunker Hill and the Continentals at Red Bank, N.J., where George Washington himself singled them out for praise. When Andrew Jackson stopped the British invaders at New Orleans in 1815, a battalion of “free men of color” formed part of his front line. In the Civil War, 161 regiments of Negro troops turned the tide for the North; without their help, said president Lincoln, “neither the present nor any coming administration can save the Union.” In the State of Mississippi alone more Negro soldiers enlisted to fight for the Union than white men did for the Confederacy. Negro cavalrymen like those above chased Indians in the West and rescued the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill. In World War I, more than 200,000 Negro troops went to France. One of them, Private Henry Johnson, an ex-red cap from Albany, got into a battle with 24 Germans in a no-man’s-land outpost. He killed four of them with bullets, rifle butt and bolo knife, probably killed a fifth with grenades, wounded and drove off all the others. The French called this “The Battle of Henry Johnson.” This proud record has already been extended in World War II. At Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, a Negro messman, Dorie Miller, dashed to the bridge of his ship, helped carry his mortally wounded captain to a place of greater safety and manned a machine gun until ordered below. He has just been awarded a Navy Cross. In the Philippines the first man of the armored forces to fall in action was Private Robert Brooks, son of a Negro sharecropper of Sadieville, Ky. Today the main parade ground at Fort Knox, headquarters for the U.S. armored forces, is named Brooks Field in his honor. They thrive on Army work, food and fun For the average Negro volunteer or draftee, Army life is no hardship. He is used to hard physical work, which is nine-tenths of a soldier’s routine. He wants to learn about machinery and motors, and the Army gives him a chance. He likes the feel of a weapon in his hands, and thoroughly enjoys bayonet practice. The food is better than he generally gets at home. The base pay of an Army private ($21 a month, soon to be raised to $46 or more) does not look too meager. His living quarters, food, pay, furloughs, opportunities for recreation are equal to that received by white soldiers. There has been a decided increase in the number of Negroes attending officer-candidate schools. Except in the Air Corps, they are being trained in the same classes with whites. Disturbances growing out of race relations in the Army have been few and widely scattered. One such disturbance at Alexandria, La., in January 1942, started when a Negro soldier resisted arrest by a white policeman. A crowd gathered and civilian policemen and one military policeman indulged in indiscriminate and unnecessary shooting. Twenty-nine Negro soldiers were injured, one of them critically. (Rumors that four or more were killed were denied by the Army.) The sensational Negro press has done its best to magnify affairs such as this into “race riots,” but there is every indication that cooperation and friendly feeling between the races is today higher than ever in the Army. On June 1, 1942, a long-standing wrong against American Negroes was removed when the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps began taking colored recruits for combat duty (see photos above & below). Harlem buzzes with civilian defense tasks Probably there is no place in the nation where civil defense is now a more burning topic than in Harlem, largest Negro community in the world. There are 300,000 Negroes in Harlem and at least a quarter of them are doing some kind of war work. About 15,000 are enrolled as air-raid wardens. Countless Harlem women are learning first aid, knitting sweaters, serving in canteens, studying internal combustion engines. Even the angels of Father Divine are being fingerprinted by Harlem branches of the American Women’s Voluntary Services. Soon after Pearl Harbor some Harlem streetwalkers began enrolling as air-raid wardens and wearing white badges on their arms but the police stopped that. The Citizens of Harlem have real cause for their concern. They live in one of the most overcrowded city areas in the world. There is one Harlem block which has between 3,200 and 3,300 residents. When and if enemy bombs fall in Harlem, the slaughter will be terrific. And volunteers like those pictured on these pages will have to bear the first brunt of such a calamity. Dawn patrol is Harlem’s own war idea Every day at 4 a.m. a procession like the one below winds through the streets of Harlem. This is the “dawn patrol” of Air Raid Protection Zone 2, 28th police precinct, New York City. Wardens of Zone 2 are not satisfied to stand the usual watches in eight-hour shifts. They get together in groups of 30 or 40 before dawn each day and drill until the sun comes up. Around 6 they all have breakfast in their headquarters (left) and the ones who have jobs go off to work. The others go home and sleep. These early morning hours are full of excitement for members of the dawn patrol. First they select an “objective” – a roped-off street or a roof top. Then they sound an imaginary air-raid alarm. Then the imaginary “bombs” begin to fall – on churches, schools and big apartment houses. Casualties are reported, rescues made, fires put out, “broken” water mains repaired – all in vivid make-believe. At the end of a busy hour or two the patrol drafts a written report. Usually these reports are straight factual accounts of work done, but one day last winter an enthusiastic dawn patroller wrote: “The weather was fair and cold to the ladies’ hands and legs, but all was in good spirits as we marched on to the Zone 2 headquarters.” Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negroes at War", Life magazine Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; United States--Armed Forces--African Americans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Time, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World War II Vertical File Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1943 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Magazines (periodicals) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.146.0016_001.doc auc.146.0016_002.doc auc.146.0016_003.doc auc.146.0016_004.doc auc.146.0016_005.doc auc.146.0016_006.doc auc.146.0016_007.doc auc.146.0016_008.doc auc.146.0016_009.doc auc.146.0016_0010.doc auc.146.0016_0011.doc https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/a1ba4d7eccb8ef3711b26f1402d67593.jpg e0159c244a145f9b061f2b91e0d7963e https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/267a97e50fd9c406fa062d0089ceec72.jpg bf2b6631bb8947a40a164380d66db1f2 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/bf88919867d8f8bb7d5783310b3fd737.jpg 4603f138d7691ad0b4d7b1e8f069f243 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/baf8ecc8fde64bf9a0e8600bfb6fae7b.jpg 50c9a28cf7f26a0ac8df4555827f865d https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/744750d2e6a88486e210ef46d2ee72a2.jpg e7011cf2f0e57b61f190825e8b935434 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/9c0748c2de03f3cca0ffd9f3ed9b1677.jpg dfc3d60520496db4d792e0597dafcd52 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/485d6ece828e6e942fd123d7b2d035a0.jpg 916177909608a78b3f9aad5c576ad362 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/b53eeaed00a500f78773941f485e2bbf.jpg d5ce0fd319f7dd801d67cf5d1926f2f0 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Clippings (information artifacts) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Negros in Vietnam: We, Too, Are Americans" Subject The topic of the resource African American soldiers; Vietnam War, 1961-1975; Vietnam War, 1961-1975--African Americans; Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Press coverage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sewell, George Alexander; Booker, Simeon Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://findingaid.auctr.edu/arc/view?docId=ead/auctr.edu/george_sewell.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">George A. Sewell papers</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ebony (Chicago, Ill.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 November Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Clippings (information artifacts) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.103.0003.doc.b41f04 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. November 1965 https://glamportal.auctr.edu/files/original/1ab090be7e249a000e7cc4c6fbc4b136.jpg 1c2dbf4e7ccb90e92bfd94f518bb5d9e Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Periodicals Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Next Move, The Ground Attack", AUC Digest Vol. 18, No. 16 Subject The topic of the resource Atlanta University Center (Ga.); Persian Gulf War, 1991; Persian Gulf War, 1991--Press Coverage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atlanta University Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Atlanta University Center (AUC) printed and published materials Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available AUC Digest Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 February 18 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All images in this collection either are protected by copyright or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center, Inc., and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact archives@auctr.edu with specific object file name. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context auc.154.0003_001 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Atlanta, Ga. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. February 1991